School age Schama, Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches Embarra.s.sment of Riches, p. 538.

Winkel's collection The surviving records indicate that Winkel was in business with one or more partners, but it would appear that the stock was divided in August 1636, and the tulips auctioned at Alkmaar would appear to have been Winkel's share of a larger collection. See Damme, The surviving records indicate that Winkel was in business with one or more partners, but it would appear that the stock was divided in August 1636, and the tulips auctioned at Alkmaar would appear to have been Winkel's share of a larger collection. See Damme, Aanteekeningen Betreffende Aanteekeningen Betreffende, p. 92.

Winkel as a grower It is extremely probable, but not quite certain, that Winkel cultivated tulips. Certainly the trustees of the Alkmaar orphans' court did have his bulbs physically in their possession after lifting time, and on their instructions they were later replanted. Because bulbs had to be paid for on delivery, and because it seems improbable in the extreme that a tavern keeper could have had the thousands of guilders' worth of liquid a.s.sets required to purchase such a valuable collection, I find it difficult to believe that the trustees collected bulbs that other growers had readied for delivery to the Oude-Schutters Doelen and that Winkel simply dealt in bulbs that he purchased for delivery after lifting and planned to sell on before autumn. It is extremely probable, but not quite certain, that Winkel cultivated tulips. Certainly the trustees of the Alkmaar orphans' court did have his bulbs physically in their possession after lifting time, and on their instructions they were later replanted. Because bulbs had to be paid for on delivery, and because it seems improbable in the extreme that a tavern keeper could have had the thousands of guilders' worth of liquid a.s.sets required to purchase such a valuable collection, I find it difficult to believe that the trustees collected bulbs that other growers had readied for delivery to the Oude-Schutters Doelen and that Winkel simply dealt in bulbs that he purchased for delivery after lifting and planned to sell on before autumn.

Dutch orphanages and old people's homes Zumthor, Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt's Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland, pp. 10001.

The grower from Blokker Krelage, Krelage, De Pamfletten De Pamfletten, p. 30.

The quality of the bidders at Alkmaar The only bidders we actually know about were Gerrit Adriaensz. Amsterdam of Alkmaar, Jan Cornelisz. Quaeckel of Haarlem, and Pieter Gerritsz. van Welsen, all wealthy and influential growers and dealers. See Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 81. See also chapter 13 for details. The only bidders we actually know about were Gerrit Adriaensz. Amsterdam of Alkmaar, Jan Cornelisz. Quaeckel of Haarlem, and Pieter Gerritsz. van Welsen, all wealthy and influential growers and dealers. See Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 81. See also chapter 13 for details.

The auction Damme, Damme, Aanteekeningen Betreffende Aanteekeningen Betreffende, pp. 9193.

Thus Admirael Liefkens Krelage, Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, p. 49.

Hendrick Pietersz. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 4041.

Van Gennep's ledger Ibid., pp. 3940. Ibid., pp. 3940.

Utrecht and Groningen Representatives from Utrecht attended a conference at Amsterdam to try to control the collapse in the bulb trade (see chapter 13 for details). The apothecary Henricus Munting (15831658), who later founded the botanical garden at the University of Groningen, dealt in bulbs in the town of Groningen during the mania period, according to his son Abraham Munting in Representatives from Utrecht attended a conference at Amsterdam to try to control the collapse in the bulb trade (see chapter 13 for details). The apothecary Henricus Munting (15831658), who later founded the botanical garden at the University of Groningen, dealt in bulbs in the town of Groningen during the mania period, according to his son Abraham Munting in Naauwkeurige Beschryving Naauwkeurige Beschryving, p. 911; see chapter 13. See also Nieuw Nederlandsch Biographisch Woordenboek Nieuw Nederlandsch Biographisch Woordenboek, vol. 6, pp. 104445.

Tulip speculation in France Munting, Munting, Naauwkeurige Beschryving Naauwkeurige Beschryving, p. 911.

Numbers involved in Utrecht A list of the thirty-nine florists who met in Utrecht on February 7, 1637, to elect representatives to a conference of growers due to be held in Amsterdam is given by Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 44. A list of the thirty-nine florists who met in Utrecht on February 7, 1637, to elect representatives to a conference of growers due to be held in Amsterdam is given by Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 44.

Centers of the tulip trade Krelage, Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, pp. 8384.

Bulbs change hands ten times in a day Ibid., p. 77. Ibid., p. 77.

Peak prices Aitzema, Aitzema, Saken van Staet en Oorlogh Saken van Staet en Oorlogh, p. 504; Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 79; Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, p. 52.

Ten million guilders Aitzema, Aitzema, Saken van Staet en Oorlogh Saken van Staet en Oorlogh, p. 503.

Bank of Amsterdam Based on 1,375 accounts averaging 2,500 guilders apiece. See 't Hart, Jonker, and Zanden, Based on 1,375 accounts averaging 2,500 guilders apiece. See 't Hart, Jonker, and Zanden, Financial History of the Netherlands Financial History of the Netherlands, pp. 4647.

Dutch East India Company Ibid., p. 54. Ibid., p. 54.

The Black Tulip Dumas, Dumas, Black Tulip; Black Tulip; Blunt, Blunt, Tulipomania Tulipomania, p. 17.

Trade in pound goods Krelage, Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, pp. 5152.

Chapter 13. Bust.

The princ.i.p.al sources of information on the crash are the attorneys' acts of Haarlem and Amsterdam collected and published by N. W. Posthumus in "Die Speculatie in Tulpen in de Jaren 1636 en 1637," parts 13, Economisch-Historisch Jaarboek Economisch-Historisch Jaarboek (1926, 1927, 1934). These, however, relate almost entirely to disputes between growers and connoisseurs and need to be used with caution. (1926, 1927, 1934). These, however, relate almost entirely to disputes between growers and connoisseurs and need to be used with caution.

The crash Krelage, Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, p. 80; Posthumus, "Tulip Mania in Holland," pp. 14445.

Gaergoedt's plight Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1926), pp. 3339. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1926), pp. 3339.

Henricus Munting Munting, Munting, Naauwkeurige Beschryving Naauwkeurige Beschryving, p. 911; Nieuw Nederlandsch Biographisch Woordenboek Nieuw Nederlandsch Biographisch Woordenboek, vol. 6, pp. 104445; Murray, "Introduction of the Tulip," p. 29.

Geertruyt Schoudt Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 4849. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 4849.

According to one contemporary He was Abraham Munting, the son of Henricus Munting of Groningen, whose price data appear in Munting, He was Abraham Munting, the son of Henricus Munting of Groningen, whose price data appear in Munting, Naauwkeurige Beschryving Naauwkeurige Beschryving, p. 910.

Prices in May 1637 These examples are drawn from the These examples are drawn from the Samenspraecken Samenspraecken and thus probably need to be treated with a certain caution. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 8081&n. and thus probably need to be treated with a certain caution. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 8081&n.

Some florists did travel The fictional Gaergoedt was an example of the breed. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1926), p. 24. The fictional Gaergoedt was an example of the breed. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1926), p. 24.

The Mennonite Wedding Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1934), pp. 23334. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1934), pp. 23334.

Van Cuyck Ibid., p. 235. Ibid., p. 235.

Van Goyen Krelage, Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, pp. 6566; Damme, Aanteekeningen Betreffende Aanteekeningen Betreffende, pp. 2122; Vogelaar, Jan van Goyen Jan van Goyen, pp. 1320. Gerrit Amsterdam Gerrit Amsterdam Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 81. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 81. Willem Lourisz Willem Lourisz. Deursen, Plain Lives Plain Lives, pp. 9497.

Boortens and van Welsen Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 5355. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 5355.

Jan Quaeckel at Alkmaar Munic.i.p.al Archives, Haarlem, notarial registers, vol. 149 fol. 210, September 1, 1639. Munic.i.p.al Archives, Haarlem, notarial registers, vol. 149 fol. 210, September 1, 1639.

Jan Admirael Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 6970; (1934), pp. 23637. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 6970; (1934), pp. 23637.

Meeting at Utrecht Krelage, Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, p. 81.

Meeting at Amsterdam Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 49; Krelage, Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 49; Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, pp. 8384; Bulgatz, Ponzi Schemes Ponzi Schemes, p. 103.

An ominous caveat See Blunt, See Blunt, Tulipomania Tulipomania, p. 16.

Chapter 14. G.o.ddess of Wh.o.r.es.

For Dutch tulip pamphlets, see E. H. Krelage, De Pamfletten van den Tulpenwindhandel, 16361637 De Pamfletten van den Tulpenwindhandel, 16361637 (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1942), which reprints all but the three (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1942), which reprints all but the three Samenspraecken Samenspraecken. (These had already been published by Posthumus in "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" [1926].) On the various conspiracy theories of the tulip mania, see E. H. Krelage, "Het Ma.n.u.script over den Tulpenwindhandel uit de Verzameling Meulman," Economisch-Historisch Jaarboek Economisch-Historisch Jaarboek 12 (1943). On the liquidation, Posthumus's three-part collection of contemporary sources, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen," is again invaluable. 12 (1943). On the liquidation, Posthumus's three-part collection of contemporary sources, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen," is again invaluable.

Dr. Tulp Beijer et al., Beijer et al., Nicolaes Tulp Nicolaes Tulp, pp. 1519, 4951; Griffey, "What's in a Name?;" Cotterell, Amsterdam Amsterdam, pp. 12526; Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches Embarra.s.sment of Riches, pp. 171, 18687.

Adolphus Vorstius The anecdote of Vorstius the tulip-hater is recounted by several authors, although there seems to be no contemporary authority to vouch for its truth. See Blunt, The anecdote of Vorstius the tulip-hater is recounted by several authors, although there seems to be no contemporary authority to vouch for its truth. See Blunt, Tulipomania Tulipomania, p. 15, and Herbert, Still Life with a Bridle Still Life with a Bridle, p. 60. For Vorstius himself, see Brereton, Travels in Holland Travels in Holland, pp. 4041. Vorstius's father, himself a professor at Leiden, had delivered Clusius's funeral elegy; Nieuw Nederlandsch Biographisch Woordenboek Nieuw Nederlandsch Biographisch Woordenboek, vol. 4, p. 1411.

Kappists Bulgatz, Bulgatz, Ponzi Schemes Ponzi Schemes, p. 99.

Flood of broadsides About forty-five examples printed between December 1636 and March 1637 are known to have survived, but given the ephemeral nature of such products, the number actually produced was almost certainly greater. About forty-five examples printed between December 1636 and March 1637 are known to have survived, but given the ephemeral nature of such products, the number actually produced was almost certainly greater.

The role of pamphlets Although most of the surviving broadsides are unoriginal and contain little that is new, they are often unintentionally revealing. It is particularly instructive to compare the relatively mild and sober tones of the early pamphlets with the increasingly bitter and sarcastic prints that began to appear when the craze was at its peak in January 1637; this adds weight to the suggestion that the tulip trade had remained relatively sober and responsible until quite late in 1636 and flared into true mania only at the end of the year for a matter of a few weeks. On pamphlets generally, see Harline, Although most of the surviving broadsides are unoriginal and contain little that is new, they are often unintentionally revealing. It is particularly instructive to compare the relatively mild and sober tones of the early pamphlets with the increasingly bitter and sarcastic prints that began to appear when the craze was at its peak in January 1637; this adds weight to the suggestion that the tulip trade had remained relatively sober and responsible until quite late in 1636 and flared into true mania only at the end of the year for a matter of a few weeks. On pamphlets generally, see Harline, Pamphlets, Printing; Pamphlets, Printing; and Watt, and Watt, Cheap Print and Popular Piety Cheap Print and Popular Piety, pp. 26466.

Flora in the pamphlets Krelage, Krelage, De Pamfletten De Pamfletten, pp. 8891, 10911, 149, 160, 16467, 18788.

The legend of Flora This retelling of the myth appeared in the first of the This retelling of the myth appeared in the first of the Samenspraecken Samenspraecken. See Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1926), p. 24. See also Segal and Roding, De Tulp en de Kunst De Tulp en de Kunst, p. 23, and Segal, Tulips Portrayed Tulips Portrayed, p. 15.

Artistic depictions of the mania Segal, Segal, Tulips Portrayed Tulips Portrayed, pp. 1215; Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches Embarra.s.sment of Riches, pp. 36366; Bulgatz, Ponzi Schemes Ponzi Schemes, pp. 10607.

Pamphlets commissioned by growers or connoisseurs See Krelage, See Krelage, De Pamfletten De Pamfletten, pamphlets no. 9, 14, 33, 36.

Resolutions of Haarlem City Council Munic.i.p.al Archives, Haarlem, Munic.i.p.al Archives, Haarlem, Aantee-keningen van C. J. Gonnet Betreffende de Dovestalmanege in de Grote Houstraat, de Schouwburg op het Houtplein, het Stadhuis in de Frase Tijd, Haarlemse Plateelbakkers en Plateelbakkerijen en de Tulpomanie van 16371912; Aantee-keningen van C. J. Gonnet Betreffende de Dovestalmanege in de Grote Houstraat, de Schouwburg op het Houtplein, het Stadhuis in de Frase Tijd, Haarlemse Plateelbakkers en Plateelbakkerijen en de Tulpomanie van 16371912; Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 51, 57; and Krelage, Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 51, 57; and Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, p. 93.

Hoorn's plea to the States of Holland Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 52. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 52.

Only two of the fifty-four They were Burgomaster Jan de Waal and Councilor Cornelis Guldewagen. Ibid., pp. 6164, 7374; Munic.i.p.al Archives, Haarlem, Heerenboek I. They were Burgomaster Jan de Waal and Councilor Cornelis Guldewagen. Ibid., pp. 6164, 7374; Munic.i.p.al Archives, Haarlem, Heerenboek I.

One anonymous author Krelage, "Het Ma.n.u.script over den Tulpenwind-handel," pp. 2930. Krelage, "Het Ma.n.u.script over den Tulpenwind-handel," pp. 2930.

Blame placed on bankrupts, Jews, and Mennonites Ibid.; Deursen, Ibid.; Deursen, Plain Lives Plain Lives, pp. 3233; Krelage, De Pamfletten De Pamfletten, pp. 287302. Jacques de Clerq Jacques de Clerq Information courtesy of drs Daan de Clercq, Amsterdam. Information courtesy of drs Daan de Clercq, Amsterdam. A grower from Amsterdam A grower from Amsterdam Krelage, "Het Ma.n.u.script over den Tulpenwind-handel," pp. 2930. Krelage, "Het Ma.n.u.script over den Tulpenwind-handel," pp. 2930.

Jan Breughel Blunt and Stearn, Blunt and Stearn, Art of Botanical Ill.u.s.tration Art of Botanical Ill.u.s.tration, p. 128.

The Court of Holland and the resolution of the States Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 5660; Posthumus, "Tulip Mania in Holland," p. 146; Krelage, Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 5660; Posthumus, "Tulip Mania in Holland," p. 146; Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, p. 93; and Bulgatz, Ponzi Schemes Ponzi Schemes, pp. 10405.

In the event, the Court of Holland did hear at least one tulip case. This was a suit brought by the widow of Paulus van Beresteyn, who had been one of Haarlem's most eminent attorneys. Van Beresteyn came from a patrician family and was rich and influential enough to be counted among the regents of Haarlem even though he was a professed Catholic. He was a lieutenant of the civic guard and a governor of the Latin School, which prepared the children of the ruling cla.s.s for the university. He was an extremely wealthy man, with total capital well in excess of twelve thousand guilders, and he invested some of his money in Haarlem property. His interest in tulips, though, was probably that of a connoisseur rather than a florist. He lived in a large house on the Wijngaerderstraat and grew tulips in a garden on the Dijcklaan-a road that ran between two of the city's gates.

Van Beresteyn died, aged forty-eight, at the height of the mania in December 1636, two months before tulip prices crashed and eight weeks after selling six beds of tulips lying in his garden to a consortium of buyers comprising a local bookseller, Theunis Cas, and a second man named Jan Sael. The sale had been concluded on September 29, before bulb prices began their final catastrophic rise, and the consortium paid the bargain price of 312 guilders-plus an atlas from Cas's shop-for the beds. Shortly afterward van Beresteyn sold the whole of his garden, excluding the bulbs, to a local bleacher named Nicolaes van der Berge. Van der Berge then approached Cas and Sael and agreed to buy the tulips for a total of 362 guilders. The agreement was that van der Berge would take on the consortium's debt to van Beresteyn's estate and pay them, in addition, a premium of fifty guilders. On February 6, the day after prices in Haarlem crashed, Cas and Sael went to a local notary to confirm their willingness to proceed with this transaction, stating that tulips remained highly prized elsewhere in Holland, and in the summer van der Berge took possession of the bulbs when they were lifted. He failed, however, to pay for them when settlement fell due, and eventually the van Beresteyn family took action, issuing proceedings against not only the bleacher but also Cas and Sael.

Why this case, of all cases, found its way before the Court of Holland remains unclear. But it contains several striking features. It shows how difficult it was to determine who owned the bulbs traded during the mania, even when the chain of ownership was relatively short and straightforward; evidently, even those who had owned tulips only temporarily could easily be caught up in the melee of claim and counterclaim. It also demonstrates that long after the tavern trade collapsed, there were some among the ranks of the richer traders and the connoisseurs who believed tulips were still a potentially good investment. Algeemen RijksArchief, The Hague, Civiele processtukken II B 44, records of the Court of Holland; Munic.i.p.al Archives, Haarlem, Index to Heerenboek, p. 12; Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 82; Beresteyn and Hartman, Genealogie van het Geslacht Genealogie van het Geslacht, pp. 13336, 21922. Resolutions of the cities of Holland Resolutions of the cities of Holland Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 60. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 60.

Munting Munting, Munting, Naauwkeurige Beschryving Naauwkeurige Beschryving, p. 911.

Van Bosvelt Munic.i.p.al Archives, Haarlem, Resolution of November 5, 1637, Munic.i.p.al Archives, Haarlem, Resolution of November 5, 1637, Aanteekeningen van C.J. Gonnet; Aanteekeningen van C.J. Gonnet; Bulgatz, Bulgatz, Ponzi Schemes Ponzi Schemes, p. 105.

Many contracts nullified Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 69. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 69.

Cases in Alkmaar Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1934), p. 240. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1934), p. 240.

De Block Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 4849. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 4849.

Abraham de Goyer Ibid., pp. 6567. Ibid., pp. 6567.

Hans Baert Ibid., p. 76. Ibid., p. 76.

Admirael and de Hooge Ibid., p. 68. Ibid., p. 68.

Willem Schonaeus As well as being a poor judge of tulips, Koster must have been something of an optimist; even after the crash in prices, he agreed to continue with the transaction, and he paid his deposit-820 guilders, about 12 percent of the purchase price-as late as May 25. By the autumn, though, he had evidently changed his mind about the wisdom of the agreement and defaulted, forcing Schonaeus to take action. See Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 71, 79. Willem Schonaeus (160067) lived in one of Haarlem's best-known houses, De Hoofdwacht on the Grote Markt. See Kurtz, "De Geschiedenis van Ons," pp. 3738. As well as being a poor judge of tulips, Koster must have been something of an optimist; even after the crash in prices, he agreed to continue with the transaction, and he paid his deposit-820 guilders, about 12 percent of the purchase price-as late as May 25. By the autumn, though, he had evidently changed his mind about the wisdom of the agreement and defaulted, forcing Schonaeus to take action. See Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 71, 79. Willem Schonaeus (160067) lived in one of Haarlem's best-known houses, De Hoofdwacht on the Grote Markt. See Kurtz, "De Geschiedenis van Ons," pp. 3738.

Cases in Haarlem See Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 71, 79. See Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 71, 79.

De Clerq Ibid., pp. 77, 79. Ibid., pp. 77, 79.

Haarlem's court of arbitration Ibid., p. 80; Krelage, Ibid., p. 80; Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, pp. 9697; Bulgatz, Ponzi Schemes Ponzi Schemes, p. 105.

Friend makers Brereton, Brereton, Travels in Holland Travels in Holland, pp. 89, 22; Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 80; Munic.i.p.al Archives, Haarlem, Aantee-keningen van C. J. Gonnet; Aantee-keningen van C. J. Gonnet; Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1934), pp. 23940. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1934), pp. 23940.

Dubbleden Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 8485. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 8485.

Van Goyen's insolvency It is not clear why van Goyen did not take advantage of the opportunity to settle his debts at 3.5 percent, which would have meant paying only thirty guilders. Probably the regents of The Hague did not follow their colleagues in Haarlem in setting up an arbitration panel to settle local cases. It is not clear why van Goyen did not take advantage of the opportunity to settle his debts at 3.5 percent, which would have meant paying only thirty guilders. Probably the regents of The Hague did not follow their colleagues in Haarlem in setting up an arbitration panel to settle local cases.

Chapter 15. At the Court of the Tulip King.

Many of the books that were consulted for chapter 3 chapter 3 were also useful here, particularly those of Mansel and Miller. Surprisingly, there seems to be no good biography of Ahmed III, but accounts of his tulip fetes appear in numerous secondary sources, many of which have been drawn on; the most original and useful were Arthur Baker, "The Cult of the Tulip in Turkey," were also useful here, particularly those of Mansel and Miller. Surprisingly, there seems to be no good biography of Ahmed III, but accounts of his tulip fetes appear in numerous secondary sources, many of which have been drawn on; the most original and useful were Arthur Baker, "The Cult of the Tulip in Turkey," Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society (September 1931), and Michiel Roding and Hans Theunissen, eds., (September 1931), and Michiel Roding and Hans Theunissen, eds., The Tulip: A Symbol of Two Nations The Tulip: A Symbol of Two Nations (Utrecht and Istanbul: Turco-Dutch Friendship a.s.sociation, 1993). The historical background has been taken both from general histories such as Alan Palmer, (Utrecht and Istanbul: Turco-Dutch Friendship a.s.sociation, 1993). The historical background has been taken both from general histories such as Alan Palmer, The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire (London: John Murray, 1992), and more specialist studies, including Lavender Ca.s.sels, (London: John Murray, 1992), and more specialist studies, including Lavender Ca.s.sels, The Struggle for the Ottoman Empire, 17171740 The Struggle for the Ottoman Empire, 17171740 (London: John Murray, 1966). (London: John Murray, 1966).

Mehmed IV and the tulip Palmer, Palmer, Decline and Fall Decline and Fall, pp. 10, 1415, 37; Bay-top, "Tulip in Istanbul," pp. 5056; Miller, Beyond the Sublime Porte Beyond the Sublime Porte, p. 124.

Ibrahim the Mad During his eight-year reign, he was also noted for deflowering a virgin every Friday. See Palmer, During his eight-year reign, he was also noted for deflowering a virgin every Friday. See Palmer, Decline and Fall Decline and Fall, p. 19; Penzer, Harem Harem, pp. 18891.

Execution might, after all, still be their lot When court officials entered the cage to call Suleyman II (168791) to the throne in succession to Mehmed IV, the new sultan is said to have cried out in terrified exasperation: "If my death has been commanded, say so. Since my childhood, I have suffered forty years of imprisonment. It is better to die at once than to die a little every day. What terror we endure for a single breath." See Inalcik, When court officials entered the cage to call Suleyman II (168791) to the throne in succession to Mehmed IV, the new sultan is said to have cried out in terrified exasperation: "If my death has been commanded, say so. Since my childhood, I have suffered forty years of imprisonment. It is better to die at once than to die a little every day. What terror we endure for a single breath." See Inalcik, Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire, p. 60.

The time of tulips Gocek, Gocek, East Encounters West East Encounters West, p. 10.

Nedim the poet Palmer, Palmer, Decline and Fall Decline and Fall, p. 36; Wheatcroft, Ottomans Ottomans, pp. 77, 79; Mansel, Constantinople Constantinople, p. 181.

Sultan Ahmed's flower festivals Barber, Barber, Lords of the Golden Horn Lords of the Golden Horn, pp. 10910; Mansel, Constantinople Constantinople, pp. 7678, 18081; Palmer, Decline and Fall Decline and Fall, pp. 3738; Miller, Beyond the Sublime Porte Beyond the Sublime Porte, pp. 12426; Penzer, Harem Harem, pp. 25860.

General pa.s.sion for tulips in Ahmed's reign Demiriz, "Tulips in Ottoman," pp. 5758; Baytop, "Tulip in Istanbul," p. 55; Baker, "Cult of the Tulip in Turkey," p. 235. Demiriz, "Tulips in Ottoman," pp. 5758; Baytop, "Tulip in Istanbul," p. 55; Baker, "Cult of the Tulip in Turkey," p. 235.

Eighteenth-century criteria for ideal tulips Baytop, "Tulip in Istanbul," p. 53; Demiriz, "Tulips in Ottoman," pp. 5758; Murray, "Introduction of the Tulip," p. 20. Baytop, "Tulip in Istanbul," p. 53; Demiriz, "Tulips in Ottoman," pp. 5758; Murray, "Introduction of the Tulip," p. 20.

Ottoman officials' flowers and bribes of tulips Mansel, Mansel, Constantinople Constantinople, p. 182; Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 234.

Fazil Pasha Mansel, Mansel, Constantinople Constantinople, p. 147.

Damat Ibrahim Palmer, Palmer, Decline and Fall Decline and Fall, pp. 3335, 38.

The Sa'adabad Ibid., p. 34; Shaw, Ibid., p. 34; Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 234; Mansel, Constantinople Constantinople, pp. 18081; Gocek, East Encounters West East Encounters West, pp. 51, 79; Pallis, Days of the Janissaries Days of the Janissaries, p. 199.

The fall of Damat Ibrahim and Ahmed III Palmer, Palmer, Decline and Fall Decline and Fall, pp. 3839.

Mahmud I and the decline of the tulip in Turkey Barber, Barber, Lords of the Golden Horn Lords of the Golden Horn, p. 110; Wheatcroft, Ottomans Ottomans, pp. 8081.