Bulb exports Today fully two-thirds of Dutch bulbs are exported, and the largest single producer, Germaco, ships some 35 million bulbs a year overseas. Today fully two-thirds of Dutch bulbs are exported, and the largest single producer, Germaco, ships some 35 million bulbs a year overseas.

Emanuel Sweerts Krelage, Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, p. 25.

Tulip books The earliest known flower book dates to 1603 and is French. Books portraying only tulips came into existence as the mania developed; the oldest of these dates to about 1635. See Segal and Roding, The earliest known flower book dates to 1603 and is French. Books portraying only tulips came into existence as the mania developed; the oldest of these dates to about 1635. See Segal and Roding, De Tulp en de Kunst De Tulp en de Kunst, pp. 7881; Segal, Tulips Portrayed Tulips Portrayed, pp. 1720; Taylor, Dutch Flower Painting Dutch Flower Painting, pp. 1012.

Van Swanenburch's tulip book This book is now in the Netherlands Economics History Archive in Amsterdam. The notes on prices appear to have been written by the book's-anonymous-original owner. This book is now in the Netherlands Economics History Archive in Amsterdam. The notes on prices appear to have been written by the book's-anonymous-original owner.

Cos's tulip book This ma.n.u.script, correctly t.i.tled This ma.n.u.script, correctly t.i.tled Verzameling van een Meenigte Tulipaanen ... Verzameling van een Meenigte Tulipaanen ..., was made in 1637. (Oddly there do not seem to be any other records of a florist named Cos in the city archives, although Krelage does note the existence of a tulip variety named Kos.) It is now in the Universiteitsbibliotheek at Wageningen.

Tulip nomenclature Krelage, Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, pp. 3337, 128.

"If a change in a Tulip is effected ..." Cited by Murray, "Introduction of the Tulip," p. 24. Cited by Murray, "Introduction of the Tulip," p. 24.

Traveling bulb sellers Pavord, Pavord, Tulip Tulip, p. 153.

Chapter 9. Florists.

The social history of the United Provinces during the Golden Age is ably dealt with by A. T. van Deursen, Plain Lives in a Golden Age: Popular Culture, Religion and Society in Seventeenth Century Holland Plain Lives in a Golden Age: Popular Culture, Religion and Society in Seventeenth Century Holland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). Details of day-to-day life are added by Paul Zumthor, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). Details of day-to-day life are added by Paul Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962). Among contemporary authors, the greatest authority was generally reckoned to be Sir William Temple, whose (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962). Among contemporary authors, the greatest authority was generally reckoned to be Sir William Temple, whose Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands did not, unfortunately, appear until 1673, well after the mania. This short book was nevertheless based on the author's observations during visits dating back to 1652, and as Temple was for some time the English amba.s.sador to the United Provinces and took a keen professional interest in the reasons for Dutch success, his work is far more thoughtful and a.n.a.lytical than the muddled impressions of travelers, as well as being considerably less superficial. did not, unfortunately, appear until 1673, well after the mania. This short book was nevertheless based on the author's observations during visits dating back to 1652, and as Temple was for some time the English amba.s.sador to the United Provinces and took a keen professional interest in the reasons for Dutch success, his work is far more thoughtful and a.n.a.lytical than the muddled impressions of travelers, as well as being considerably less superficial.

Physical description of the United Provinces Temple, Temple, Observations Observations, pp. 95, 11314; Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland, p. 277; Israel, Dutch Republic Dutch Republic, pp. 13, 914.

"An universall quagmire ..." The Englishman was the propagandist Owen Felltham, and his work was published when Anglo-Dutch antagonism reached its peak in the middle of the seventeenth century. His views of the Dutch need to be seen in this context. Cited in Schama, The Englishman was the propagandist Owen Felltham, and his work was published when Anglo-Dutch antagonism reached its peak in the middle of the seventeenth century. His views of the Dutch need to be seen in this context. Cited in Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches Embarra.s.sment of Riches, p. 44.

The English amba.s.sador Temple, Temple, Observations Observations, pp. 95, 11314.

The cla.s.ses of Dutch society Israel, Israel, Dutch Republic Dutch Republic, pp. 330, 33753, 63038; Deursen, Plain Lives Plain Lives, pp. 48, 13, 32, 4748, 194; Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland, pp. 23241; Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches Embarra.s.sment of Riches, pp. 1921, 316, 57981.

The working day Deursen, Deursen, Plain Lives Plain Lives, pp. 5, 11; Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland, pp. 56, 53.

Food Deursen, Deursen, Plain Lives Plain Lives, pp. 4, 1920, 82; Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches Embarra.s.sment of Riches, pp. 16264, 16970, 230; Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland, pp. 6774; Cotterell, Amsterdam Amsterdam, pp. 24, 48; Brereton, Travels in Holland Travels in Holland, p. 6.

Cleanliness Deursen, Deursen, Plain Lives Plain Lives, pp. 19, 41; Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland, pp. 13739, 169; Brereton, Travels in Holland Travels in Holland, p. 68.

Population Israel, Israel, Dutch Republic Dutch Republic, p. 328.

Baudartius and the pressure of overpopulation Deursen, Deursen, Plain Lives Plain Lives, pp. 34, 8.

Spread of the fashion for gardening in the Netherlands Cotterell, Cotterell, Amsterdam Amsterdam, pp. 88, 131; Brereton, Travels in Holland Travels in Holland, p. 38; Mundy, Travels of Peter Mundy Travels of Peter Mundy, vol. 4, p. 75; Segal, Tulips Portrayed Tulips Portrayed, p. 8; Bulgatz, Ponzi Schemes Ponzi Schemes, p. 86.

Dutch savings Temple, Temple, Observations Observations, p. 102.

The gambling impulse Deursen, Deursen, Plain Lives Plain Lives, pp. 6768, 10506; Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches Embarra.s.sment of Riches, pp. 30607, 347; Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland, p. 76.

Chapter 10. Boom.

The course of the mania is set out best in E. H. Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland: De Tulpomanie van 163637 en de Hyacintenhandel 172036 Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland: De Tulpomanie van 163637 en de Hyacintenhandel 172036 (Amsterdam, 1942). A general summary of events, with rather more interpretation, can be found in Nicolaas Posthumus, "The Tulip Mania in Holland in the Years 1636 and 1637," in W. C. Scoville and J. C. LaForce, eds., (Amsterdam, 1942). A general summary of events, with rather more interpretation, can be found in Nicolaas Posthumus, "The Tulip Mania in Holland in the Years 1636 and 1637," in W. C. Scoville and J. C. LaForce, eds., The Economic Development of Western Europe The Economic Development of Western Europe, vol. 2 (Lexington, Ma.s.s., 1969), pp. 13849.

Hoorn Israel, Israel, Dutch Republic Dutch Republic, pp. 31718.

The tulip house Damme, Damme, Aanteekeningen Betreffende Aanteekeningen Betreffende, pp. 2324. According to van Damme, the house was renovated in 1755, at which time the stone tulips were inscribed with some memorial to the mania. At some time in the 1880s or early 1890s, the house was demolished, and the tulips were purchased by J. H. Krelage, one of the leading tulip growers of Haarlem, and set in the wall of his library. Van Damme, incidentally, describes the chronicle from which he drew many of his details as Velius's, but in fact Velius's work runs no further than 1630. He must therefore have meant a continuation of the original chronicle. The reliability of this work is not entirely clear. From the context in which the chronicler mentions the tulip house it seems the pa.s.sage may not be contemporary.

The development of the tulip mania Posthumus, "The Tulip Mania in Holland," pp. 14042; Krelage, Posthumus, "The Tulip Mania in Holland," pp. 14042; Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, pp. 42, 4952.

A contemporary chronicler Aitzema, Aitzema, Saken van Staet en Oorlogh Saken van Staet en Oorlogh, p. 504. Like many of the prices cited by historians of the mania, van Aitzema's seem to be drawn from the fictionalized Samenspraecken Samenspraecken, three pamphlets published in 1637 that purported to record conversations between a tulip dealer and his friend. See chapter 11 for details.

Generael der Generaelen van Gouda Krelage, Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, pp. 35, 49. Schama says that Gouda was one of the cheapest and least spectacular varieties, which is not correct.

Later prices quoted for Semper Augustus Ibid., pp. 3233, 68; Garber, "Tulip-mania," p. 537; Segal, Ibid., pp. 3233, 68; Garber, "Tulip-mania," p. 537; Segal, Tulips Portrayed Tulips Portrayed, pp. 89.

Soap See Israel, See Israel, Dutch Republic Dutch Republic, p. 347.

Land in Schermer polder; the merchant lover Krelage, Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, p. 30, citing one of the pamphlets published during the mania.

Anecdotes of a sailor and an English traveler The story of the sailor is recorded by J. B. Schuppius as a memory of his youth in Holland, according to Solms-Laubach, The story of the sailor is recorded by J. B. Schuppius as a memory of his youth in Holland, according to Solms-Laubach, Weizen und Tulpe Weizen und Tulpe, p. 76. It was famously retold in considerably embellished form in Mackay, Extraordinary Popular Delusions Extraordinary Popular Delusions, p. 92. Mackay tells the (unreferenced) story of the English traveler. Peter Garber has drawn attention to the fundamental implausibility of these anecdotes, see Garber, "Tulipmania," p. 537 & n.

Dutch recession Israel, Israel, Dutch Republic Dutch Republic, pp. 31415.

Weavers Those who note the predominance of linen workers among the tulip maniacs include Posthumus, "Tulip Mania in Holland," p. 143. Those who note the predominance of linen workers among the tulip maniacs include Posthumus, "Tulip Mania in Holland," p. 143.

Sales by bulb and by the bed Ibid., p. 141. Ibid., p. 141.

Trades of Jan Brants and Andries Mahieu Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 1314. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 1314.

Sales between April and August All the early records of tulip trading are dated between April and August. Ibid., pp. 1115; Posthumus, "Tulip Mania in Holland," p. 141. All the early records of tulip trading are dated between April and August. Ibid., pp. 1115; Posthumus, "Tulip Mania in Holland," p. 141.

The windhandel Schama, Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches Embarra.s.sment of Riches, pp. 35859.

The futures trade 't Hart, Jonker, and Zanden, 't Hart, Jonker, and Zanden, Financial History of the Netherlands Financial History of the Netherlands, pp. 5354; Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches Embarra.s.sment of Riches, pp. 339, 34950; Vries and Woude, First Modern Economy First Modern Economy, p. 151; Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches Embarra.s.sment of Riches, pp. 33839; Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland, p. 262.

Bans on futures trading 't Hart, Jonker, and Zanden, 't Hart, Jonker, and Zanden, Financial History of the Netherlands Financial History of the Netherlands, p. 55.

Trading by the ace Krelage, Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, pp. 4648.

Gerrit Bosch Alkmaar notarial archive, vol. 113, fol. 71vo72vo, July 23, 1637 (copy in the Posthumus Collection, Netherlands Economic History Archive). Alkmaar notarial archive, vol. 113, fol. 71vo72vo, July 23, 1637 (copy in the Posthumus Collection, Netherlands Economic History Archive).

Profit on spice voyages Israel, Israel, Dutch Republic Dutch Republic, p. 320.

David de Mildt Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 16. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 16.

Henrick Lucasz. and Joost van Haverbeeck Ibid., pp. 1920. Ibid., pp. 1920.

Jan Admirael Ibid., pp. 1718, 2122. Ibid., pp. 1718, 2122.

The value of a bulb The best data come from the auction held at Alkmaar in February 1637, where several bulbs of the same variety, but of different weights, were sold to the same bidders in the course of a single day. See Damme, The best data come from the auction held at Alkmaar in February 1637, where several bulbs of the same variety, but of different weights, were sold to the same bidders in the course of a single day. See Damme, Aanteekeningen Betreffende Aanteekeningen Betreffende, pp. 9293.

Tulip companies Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 26, 3236. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 26, 3236.

Bulbs per ace and per thousand aces See Damme, See Damme, Aanteekeningen Betreffende Aanteekeningen Betreffende, pp. 9293.

They came from all walks of life Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1926), pp. 399. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1926), pp. 399.

Bulbs bought to plant and trade Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 2425. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 2425.

The Samenspraecken These three important pamphlets were reprinted in ibid., pp. 2099. They have been discussed by Krelage in These three important pamphlets were reprinted in ibid., pp. 2099. They have been discussed by Krelage in Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, pp. 7073, and in De Pamfletten van den Tulpenwindhandel De Pamfletten van den Tulpenwindhandel, pp. 24; and also by Murray, "Introduction of the Tulip," pp. 2527; Jacob, Tulips Tulips, pp. 1012; Segal, Tulips Portrayed Tulips Portrayed, pp. 1315; Herbert, Still Life with a Bridle Still Life with a Bridle, pp. 5758; and Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches Embarra.s.sment of Riches, pp. 35960. None of these accounts, incidentally, agrees with any of the others on precisely how the information in the Samenspraecken Samenspraecken should be interpreted, mute testimony to the remarkable obscurity of the text of the original pamphlets. should be interpreted, mute testimony to the remarkable obscurity of the text of the original pamphlets.

Payments in kind As noted, these examples too derive from the As noted, these examples too derive from the Samenspraecken Samenspraecken. See Bulgatz, Ponzi Schemes Ponzi Schemes, p. 97.

Aert Ducens Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 38. In 1643 van de Heuvel's wife appeared before a notary and confirmed that this agreement had been canceled after the tulip market crashed. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 38. In 1643 van de Heuvel's wife appeared before a notary and confirmed that this agreement had been canceled after the tulip market crashed.

Jeuriaen Jansz. Ibid., pp. 2728. In this case the seller's name is given as "Cresser," but the records of the mania are full of misspelled surnames, and it is almost certainly Creitser who was meant.

Cornelis Guldewagen Ibid., pp. 6165, 7274. Ibid., pp. 6165, 7274.

Abraham de Goyer Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1934), pp. 23132. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1934), pp. 23132. Null and void Null and void Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 85. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 85.

Cases of deceit and fraud Segal, Segal, Tulips Portrayed Tulips Portrayed, p. 12; Murray, "Introduction of the Tulip," p. 25.

Everything that could be called a tulip Aitzema, Aitzema, Saken van Staet en Oorlogh Saken van Staet en Oorlogh, p. 504.

Chapter 11. At the Sign of The Golden Grape.

My account of Dutch tavern life has been pieced together from numerous secondary sources, the most significant being those of van Deursen and Schama. The English travelers Moryson, Brereton, and Mundy all make some mention of the subject, and their personal experiences add color to the general remarks of the social historians. Haarlem's brewing industry is described in S. Slive, ed., Frans Hals Frans Hals (The Hague: SDU, 1990). The taverns of Haarlem are touched on by S. Groenveld et al., (The Hague: SDU, 1990). The taverns of Haarlem are touched on by S. Groenveld et al., Deugd Boven Geweld. Een Geschiedenis van Haarlem, 12451995 Deugd Boven Geweld. Een Geschiedenis van Haarlem, 12451995 (Hilversum: Verloren, 1995), which is more rewarding than an English translation of its t.i.tle ("Virtue Above Violence") might suggest, and the brothels of the Haarlemmerhout are rather tentatively pa.s.sed over by Temmininck et al. in the even more unenticingly t.i.tled (Hilversum: Verloren, 1995), which is more rewarding than an English translation of its t.i.tle ("Virtue Above Violence") might suggest, and the brothels of the Haarlemmerhout are rather tentatively pa.s.sed over by Temmininck et al. in the even more unenticingly t.i.tled Haarlemmerhout 400 Jaar. "Mooier is de Wereld Nergens." Haarlemmerhout 400 Jaar. "Mooier is de Wereld Nergens." (Haarlem: Schuyt & Co., 1984)-"400 Years of Haarlem Wood: 'Nowhere in the World Is More Beautiful.'" Thankfully Geoffrey Cotterell's anecdotal history (Haarlem: Schuyt & Co., 1984)-"400 Years of Haarlem Wood: 'Nowhere in the World Is More Beautiful.'" Thankfully Geoffrey Cotterell's anecdotal history Amsterdam: The Life of a City Amsterdam: The Life of a City (Farnborough: D.C. Heath, 1973) adds some more entertaining details about the role that food and drink played in Dutch life. (Farnborough: D.C. Heath, 1973) adds some more entertaining details about the role that food and drink played in Dutch life.

The Amsterdam stock exchange 't Hart, Jonker, and Zanden, 't Hart, Jonker, and Zanden, Financial History of the Netherlands Financial History of the Netherlands, pp. 5356; Cotterell, Amsterdam Amsterdam, pp. 8586; Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches Embarra.s.sment of Riches, pp. 34850; Brereton, Travels in Holland Travels in Holland, pp. 5556.

De la Vega on small-time traders Cited by Schama, Cited by Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches Embarra.s.sment of Riches, p. 349. The descriptions of traders' behavior date to somewhat after the mania period-to the 1680s, to be exact-and it may not necessarily have been so exaggerated in the 1630s.

Ubiquity of inns Deursen, Deursen, Plain Lives Plain Lives, pp. 10102.

Pub names Schama, Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches Embarra.s.sment of Riches, p. 202; Herbert, Still Life with a Bridle Still Life with a Bridle, p. 58.

Prost.i.tution Deursen, Deursen, Plain Lives Plain Lives, pp. 97100. "Impudent wh.o.r.es" "Impudent wh.o.r.es" Brereton, Brereton, Travels in Holland Travels in Holland, p. 55.

Beginnings of the tavern trade Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 19. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), p. 19.

Taverns involved in the tulip mania Haarlem inns definitely known to have been involved in the mania include Van de Sijde Specxs (The Flitch of Bacon), De Vergulden Kettingh (The Guilded Necklace), 't Oude Haentgen, the Toelast in the Grote Markt, and De Coninck van Vranckrijck. In Amsterdam, De Mennoniste Bruyloft (The Mennonite Wedding) also served as a center of tulip dealing. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 24, 4243, 83, and (1934), p. 233. Haarlem inns definitely known to have been involved in the mania include Van de Sijde Specxs (The Flitch of Bacon), De Vergulden Kettingh (The Guilded Necklace), 't Oude Haentgen, the Toelast in the Grote Markt, and De Coninck van Vranckrijck. In Amsterdam, De Mennoniste Bruyloft (The Mennonite Wedding) also served as a center of tulip dealing. Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1927), pp. 24, 4243, 83, and (1934), p. 233.

The Quaeckels Cornelis Quaeckel senior was born around 1565 and married, in 1587, Trijn or Catharina Cornelisdr. Duyck. From 1609 he ran a tavern called the Bellaert in the Kruisstraat in Haarlem, but he also grew crops and tulips on an allotment near the Janspoort and on land he rented from the lord of Brederode near the castle of Huis ter Kleef. Roads leading to both locations were named Quaeckelslaan after the family. There seems to be no record that Quaeckel's eldest son, Cornelis Cornelisz., had any involvement in the tulip trade, but he did testify in favor of the allegedly heretical painter Torrentius during his persecution in 1627. Cornelis Cornelisz. was Haarlem's collector of taxes on soap until 1626 and lived until at least 1650. Jan Quaeckel, his tulip-trading brother, was born in 160102 and was buried in Haarlem on November 10, 1661. See Kurtz, "Twee Oude Patriciershuizen," p. 120; Haarlem Munic.i.p.al Archives, notarial registers vol. 123vo; vol. 129, fol. 72; vol. 139, fol. 27vo28; vol. 149, fol. 210; vol. 150, fols. 273273vo, 394vo; Haarlem burial registers vol. 73, fol. 100vo. Krelage, Cornelis Quaeckel senior was born around 1565 and married, in 1587, Trijn or Catharina Cornelisdr. Duyck. From 1609 he ran a tavern called the Bellaert in the Kruisstraat in Haarlem, but he also grew crops and tulips on an allotment near the Janspoort and on land he rented from the lord of Brederode near the castle of Huis ter Kleef. Roads leading to both locations were named Quaeckelslaan after the family. There seems to be no record that Quaeckel's eldest son, Cornelis Cornelisz., had any involvement in the tulip trade, but he did testify in favor of the allegedly heretical painter Torrentius during his persecution in 1627. Cornelis Cornelisz. was Haarlem's collector of taxes on soap until 1626 and lived until at least 1650. Jan Quaeckel, his tulip-trading brother, was born in 160102 and was buried in Haarlem on November 10, 1661. See Kurtz, "Twee Oude Patriciershuizen," p. 120; Haarlem Munic.i.p.al Archives, notarial registers vol. 123vo; vol. 129, fol. 72; vol. 139, fol. 27vo28; vol. 149, fol. 210; vol. 150, fols. 273273vo, 394vo; Haarlem burial registers vol. 73, fol. 100vo. Krelage, Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland, pp. 13436, gives details of the tulip species created by Cornelis Quaeckel senior.

Haarlem Groenveld et al., Groenveld et al., Deugd Boven Geweld Deugd Boven Geweld, pp. 144, 17274, 177.

Street lighting Lighting-using hundreds of lamps burning vegetable oil-was eventually introduced in Amsterdam in 1670, with such success that it quickly spread to other Dutch cities and then across Europe. Israel, Lighting-using hundreds of lamps burning vegetable oil-was eventually introduced in Amsterdam in 1670, with such success that it quickly spread to other Dutch cities and then across Europe. Israel, Dutch Republic Dutch Republic, p. 681.

Peat fires Mundy, Mundy, Travels of Peter Mundy Travels of Peter Mundy, pp. 6465; Blainville, Travels Through Holland Travels Through Holland, vol. 1, p. 44.

Smoking Schama, Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches Embarra.s.sment of Riches, pp. 19498; Deursen, Plain Lives Plain Lives, pp. 10304.

Weapons Deursen, Deursen, Plain Lives Plain Lives, pp. 11011. A ban on weapons was inst.i.tuted by the States of Holland in 1589, backed up in many cases by local legislation.

Paintings Stoye, Stoye, English Travellers Abroad English Travellers Abroad, p. 294, records comments about the magnificence of the paintings to be found in Dutch taverns by the English travelers Sir Dudley Carleton (1616) and Robert Bargrave (1656).

Drunkenness and drink Ibid., p. 162; Cotterell, Ibid., p. 162; Cotterell, Amsterdam Amsterdam, p. 73; Brereton, Travels in Holland Travels in Holland, pp. 1112.

Cost of an evening's drinking Fynes Moryson, traveling in 1592, paid between twelve and twenty stuivers for a meal, complaining that this high price was the result of his paying for the ale consumed by his traveling companions, who spent the evening roistering by the fire. Moryson, Fynes Moryson, traveling in 1592, paid between twelve and twenty stuivers for a meal, complaining that this high price was the result of his paying for the ale consumed by his traveling companions, who spent the evening roistering by the fire. Moryson, An Itinerary An Itinerary, pp. 8990.

Consumption of alcohol Zumthor, Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland, p. 175; Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches Embarra.s.sment of Riches, pp. 191, 199.

Theophile de Viau Cited in Zumthor, Cited in Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland, p. 173.

Quant.i.ty of beer consumed in Haarlem Zumthor, Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland, p. 72, citing J. van Loenen, De Haarlemse Brouwindustrie voor 1600 De Haarlemse Brouwindustrie voor 1600 (Amsterdam, 1950), p. 53. (Amsterdam, 1950), p. 53.

Number of breweries Groenveld et al., Groenveld et al., Deugd Boven Geweld Deugd Boven Geweld, p. 176; Raaij, Kroniek, entry for 1628.

The tavern trade Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1926), pp. 2099; Zumthor, Posthumus, "Die Speculatie in Tulpen" (1926), pp. 2099; Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland, p. 175.

Wine Zumthor, Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland, pp. 17374.

Chapter 12. The Orphans of Wouter Winkel.

The little that we know about Wouter Winkel and his family is contained in doc.u.ments from the Stad Archief at Alkmaar. These were recovered and published by A. van Damme among a collection of attorneys' acts and pamphlets concerning the mania that appeared in a series of articles published in a bulb growers' periodical around the turn of the century. Van Damme's articles were subsequently collected and republished in book form in Aanteekeningen Betreffende de Geschiedenis der Bloembollen: Haarlem, 18991903 Aanteekeningen Betreffende de Geschiedenis der Bloembollen: Haarlem, 18991903 (Leiden: Boerhaave, 1976). Van Damme's archival work, along with that of Nicolaas Posthumus, provides the bedrock of all serious studies of the tulip mania, including those of E. H. Krelage, and has not yet been supplemented in any significant way by more modern research. (Leiden: Boerhaave, 1976). Van Damme's archival work, along with that of Nicolaas Posthumus, provides the bedrock of all serious studies of the tulip mania, including those of E. H. Krelage, and has not yet been supplemented in any significant way by more modern research.

Wouter Winkel Damme, Damme, Aanteekeningen Betreffende Aanteekeningen Betreffende, pp. 9193.

Alkmaar Vries, Vries, Dutch Rural Economy Dutch Rural Economy, pp. 15759; Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland, pp. 2930, 55.