1. DIaNTHUS, L. PINK. CARNATION.

Calyx cylindrical, nerved or striate, 5-toothed, subtended by 2 or more imbricated bractlets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex. Seeds flattish on the back; embryo scarcely curved.--Ornamental plants, of well-known aspect and value in cultivation. (Name from ????, _of Jupiter_, and ????? _flower_, i.e., Jove's own flower.)

D. ARMeRIA, L. (DEPTFORD PINK.) Annual; flowers cl.u.s.tered; bractlets of the calyx and _bracts lance-awl-form_, herbaceous, downy, as long as the tube; leaves linear, _hairy_; petals small, rose-color with white dots, crenate.--Fields, etc., eastward. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

D. PRLIFER, L. Annual, _smooth_, slender; flowers cl.u.s.tered; _bractlets ovate, dry_, concealing the calyx; leaves few, narrow, linear, erect; petals small, pink.--N. J. and E. Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)

D. DELTODES, L. (MAIDEN PINK.) Perennial; leaves short, narrowly lanceolate, downy and roughish; flowers solitary; bracts ovate, half as long as the tube; petals rose-color or white, toothed.--Mich., _L. H.

Bailey_. (Nat. from Eu.)

D. BARBaTUS, L. (SWEET WILLIAM.) Perennial; flowers fascicled; leaves large, lanceolate; bracts filiform-attenuate, equalling the calyx.--Sparingly spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. GYPSoPHILA, L.

Calyx narrowly top shaped or campanulate, 5-nerved, 5-toothed, naked at base. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex, sessile.--Slender glaucous annuals or perennials, with numerous small flowers. (Name from ?????, _gypsum_, and f??e??, _to love_.)

G. MURaLIS, L. Annual, much branched; leaves very narrowly linear; flowers on slender pedicels, solitary in the forks; calyx turbinate, the teeth short, obtuse; petals purplish, crenate or emarginate.--Sparingly naturalized. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. SAPONaRIA, L.

Calyx narrowly ovoid or oblong, 5-toothed, obscurely nerved, naked.

Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, or incompletely 2--4-celled at base, 4-toothed at the apex.--Coa.r.s.e annuals or perennial, with large flowers.

(Name from _sapo_, soap, the mucilaginous juice forming a lather with water.)

S. OFFICINaLIS, L. (SOAPWORT. BOUNCING BET.) Flowers in corymbed cl.u.s.ters; calyx terete; petals crowned with an appendage at the top of the claw; leaves oval-lanceolate.--Roadsides, etc. July--Sept.--A stout perennial, with large rose-colored flowers, commonly double. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. VACCaRIA, L. Annual, glabrous; flowers in corymbed cymes; calyx 5-angled, enlarged and wing-angled in fruit; petals pale red, not crowned; leaves ovate-lanceolate. (Vaccaria vulgaris, _Host._)--Occasionally spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. SILeNE, L. CATCHFLY. CAMPION.

Calyx 5-toothed, 10--many-nerved, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 4. Pod 1-celled, sometimes 3-celled at least at the base, opening by 3 or 6 teeth at the apex.--Flowers solitary or in cymes.

Petals mostly crowned with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from s?a???, _saliva_, from the viscid exudation on the stems and calyx of many species. The English name _Catchfly_ alludes to the same peculiarity.)

[*] _Dwarf, alpine, tufted, smooth, perennial; flowering shoots 1-flowered._

1. S. acaulis, L. (MOSS CAMPION.) Tufted like a moss (1--2' high); leaves linear, crowded; flowers almost sessile, or rarely on a naked peduncle; petals purple or rarely white, notched or entire, crowned.--Alpine summits of the White Mountains, N. H. July. (Eu.)

[*][*] _Calyx bladdery-inflated; perennial; flowers panicled, white, in summer._

2 S. Stellata, Ait. (STARRY CAMPION.) _Leaves in whorls of 4, ovate-lanceolate_, taper-pointed; calyx bell-shaped; _petals cut into a fringe, crownless_.--Wooded banks, R. I. to Minn., and southward.--Stem 3 high, with a large and open pyramidal panicle. Corolla ' broad.

3. S. nivea, Otth. _Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong_, taper-pointed; calyx oblong; _petals wedge-form, 2-cleft, minutely crowned_.--Penn. to Iowa and Minn.; rare.--Stem 1--2 high, almost smooth. Flowers few, larger than in the last.

S. CUCuBALUS, Wibel. (BLADDER CAMPION.) _Glaucous; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate; calyx globular, much inflated_, elegantly veined; petals 2-cleft, nearly crownless. (S. inflata, _Smith_.)--Fields and roadsides, E. New Eng. to Ill.--A foot high. Flowers loosely cymose.

(Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*][*] _Calyx elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the enlarging pod; flowers cymose or cl.u.s.tered; perennial, p.u.b.escent with viscid hairs, especially the calyx; petals crowned, red or rose-color._

4. S. Pennsylvanica, Michx. (WILD PINK.) Stems low (4--8'); root-leaves narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy petioles; _stem-leaves_ (2 or 3 pairs) _lanceolate; flowers cl.u.s.tered_, short-stalked; calyx club-shaped; _petals wedge-form, slightly notched and eroded, pink_.--Gravelly places, E. New Eng. to N. Y., Ky., and southward. April--June.

5. S. Virginica, L. (FIRE PINK. CATCHFLY.) Steins slender (1--2 high); _leaves thin, spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate; flowers few and loosely cymose_, peduncled; calyx oblong-cylindrical, soon obconical; _petals oblong, 2-cleft, deep crimson_; the limb 1' long.--Open woods, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. June--Aug.

6. S. regia, Sims. (ROYAL CATCHFLY.) Stem roughish, erect (3--4 high); _leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate_, acute; _flowers numerous, short-stalked_, in cl.u.s.ters, forming a strict panicle; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit; _petals spatulate-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet_.--Prairies, Ohio to Mo., and southward. July.

7. S. rotundiflia, Nutt. (ROUND-LEAVED CATCHFLY.) Viscid-hairy; stems weak, branched, dec.u.mbent (2 long); _leaves thin, round, abruptly pointed_, the lower obovate; flowers few, loosely cymose, stalked; calyx elongated; _petals 2-cleft and cut-toothed, deep scarlet_.--Shaded banks of the Ohio, and in Ky. June--Aug.--Leaves and flowers large.

[*][*][*][*] _Calyx not inflated, except by the enlarging pod; annuals._

[+] _Glabrous, a portion of each joint of the stem glutinous; flowers pink._

8. S. antirrhna, L. (SLEEPY C.) Stem slender (8--30' high); _leaves lanceolate or linear_; flowers small, paniculate; _calyx ovoid_; petals obcordate, crowned, opening transiently in sunshine.--Dry soil; common in waste places. June--Sept.

S. ARMeRIA, L. (SWEET-WILLIAM CATCHFLY.) Glaucous; _leaves ovate-lanceolate_; flowers in flat cymes, open in sunshine; _calyx club-shaped_; petals notched, crowned with awl-shaped scales.--Escaped from gardens; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

[+][+] _Viscid-p.u.b.escent; flowers white or nearly so, opening at night, sweet-scented._

S. NOCTuRNA, L. (NIGHT C.) Leaves short, the lower spatulate, the upper linear; _flowers small, alternate in a 1-sided spike_; petals 2-parted.--Introduced sparingly in Pa., according to _Schweinitz_. (Adv.

from Eu.)

S. NOCTIFLRA, L. (NIGHT-FLOWERING C.) _Viscid-hairy_, tall (1--3 high); lower leaves large and spatulate, the upper lanceolate; _flowers few, peduncled_; calyx-tube elongated (over 1' long), soon ovoid, with awl-shaped teeth; petals rather large, 2-parted, crowned.--Cultivated grounds.

5. LCHNIS, Tourn. c.o.c.kLE.

Styles 5, rarely 4, and pod opening by as many or twice as many teeth; otherwise nearly as in Silene. Calyx in one species with leaf-like lobes. (Ancient Greek name for a scarlet or flame-colored species, from ??????, _a light_ or _lamp_.)

L. VESPERTNA, Sibth. (EVENING L.) Biennial, usually dicious, _viscid-p.u.b.escent_, in foliage, etc., like Silene noctiflora; but 5 styles, calyx much shorter (7--9" long), with lance-linear teeth, and _flowers white_ or pinkish, opening at evening.--Cult. or waste grounds; scarce. (Adv. from En.)

L. DIuRNA, Sibth. (RED LYCHNIS.) Resembling L. vespertina, but less viscid, the calyx usually shorter (4--6" long), and the flowers red, opening in the morning.--Rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

L. GITHaGO, Lam. (CORN c.o.c.kLE.) Annual, clothed with long soft appressed hairs; flowers long-peduncled; _calyx-lobes similar to the long and linear leaves_, surpa.s.sing the broad and crownless _purple-red petals_, falling off in fruit. (Agrostemma Githago, _L._)--In wheat-fields. (Adv.

from Eu.)

L. FLOS-CuCULI, L. (RAGGED ROBIN.) Perennial, erect, slightly downy below, viscid above; leaves narrowly lanceolate; flowers in loose panicles; calyx short, glabrous; petals red, 4-lobed, lobes linear.--Moist or marshy places; New Eng. and N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. ARENaRIA, L. SANDWORT.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, sometimes barely notched, rarely wanting.

Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely more or fewer, opposite as many sepals. Pod short, splitting into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles, few--many-seeded.--Low, usually tufted herbs, with sessile exstipulate leaves and small white flowers. (Name from _arena_, sand, in which many of the species grow.)--The following sections are by many botanists taken for genera.

-- 1. ARENARIA proper. _Pod splitting wholly or part-way down into 3 or at length into 6 valves; seeds many, naked at the hilum._

A. SERPYLLIFLIA, L. (THYME-LEAVED SANDWORT.) Diffusely branched, roughish (2--6' high); leaves ovate, acute, small; cymes leafy; sepals lanceolate, pointed, 3--5-nerved, about equalling the petals and 6-toothed pod.--A low annual; sandy waste places. June--Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)