S. CORONPUS, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes; _pods not notched at the apex, tubercled_.--At ports, R. I. to Va., etc. (Adv.

from Eu.)

22. CAKLE, Tourn. SEA-ROCKET.

Pod short, 2-jointed across, fleshy, the upper joint separating at maturity; each indehiscent, 1-celled and 1-seeded, or the lower sometimes seedless. Seed erect in the upper, suspended in the lower joint. Cotyledons obliquely acc.u.mbent.--Seaside fleshy annuals. Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.)

1. C. Americana, Nutt. (AMERICAN SEA-ROCKET.) Leaves obovate, sinuate and toothed; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate; the upper ovate, flattish at the apex.--Coast of the Northern States and of the Great Lakes. July--Sept.--Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh; the upper one 4-angled and appearing more beaked when dry.

23. RaPHa.n.u.s, Tourn. RADISH.

Pods linear or oblong, tapering upward, indehiscent, several-seeded, continuous and spongy within between the seeds, or necklace-form by constriction between the seeds, with no proper part.i.tion. Style long.

Seeds spherical and cotyledons conduplicate, as in Bra.s.sica.--Annuals or biennials. (The ancient Greek name from ?a?, _quickly_, and fa???, _to appear_, alluding to the rapid germination.)

R. RAPHANiSTRUM, L. (WILD RADISH. JOINTED CHARLOCK.) Pods necklace-form, long-beaked; leaves lyre-shaped, rough; petals yellow, turning whitish or purplish, veiny.--A troublesome weed in fields, E. New Eng. to Penn.

(Adv. from Eu.)

ORDER 11. CAPPARIDaCEae. (CAPER FAMILY.)

_Herbs_ (when in northern regions), _with cruciform flowers, but 6 or more not tetradynamous stamens, a 1-celled pod with 2 parietal placentae, and kidney-shaped seeds._--Pod as in Cruciferae, but with no part.i.tion; seeds similar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. Leaves alternate, mostly palmately compound.--Often with the acrid or pungent qualities of Cruciferae (as in _capers_, the flower-buds of Capparis spinsa).

1. Polanisia. Stamens 8 or more. Pod many-seeded, not or scarcely stipitate.

2. Cleome. Stamens 6. Pod linear, many-seeded, long stipitate.

3. Cleomella. Stamens 6. Pod very short, rhomboidal, few-seeded, long-stipitate.

1. POLANiSIA, Raf.

Petals with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8--32, unequal.

Receptacle not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary.

Pod linear or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded.--Fetid annuals, with glandular or clammy hairs. Flowers in leafy racemes. (Name from p????, _many_, and ???s??, _unequal_, points in which the genus differs in its stamens from Cleome.)

1. P. graveolens, Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets; stamens about 11, scarcely exceeding the petals; style short; pod slightly stipitate.--Gravelly sh.o.r.es, from Conn. and W. Vt. to Minn. and Kan.

June--Aug.--Flowers small (2--3" long); calyx and filaments purplish; petals yellowish-white.

2. P. trachysperma, Torr. & Gray. Flowers larger (4--5" long), the stamens (12--16) long-exserted; style 2--3" long; pod sessile; seeds usually rough.--Iowa to Kan. and westward.

2. CLEME, L.

Petals entire, with claws. Stamens 6. Receptacle somewhat produced between the petals and stamens, and bearing a gland behind the stipitate ovary. Pod linear to oblong, many-seeded.--Our species a glabrous annual, with 3-foliolate leaves, leafy-bracteate racemes, and rose-colored or white flowers. (Name of uncertain derivation, early applied to some mustard-like plant.)

1. C. integriflia, Torr. & Gray. Calyx 4-cleft; petals with very short claws, leaflets narrowly lanceolate to oblong; bracts simple; pod oblong to linear, 1--2' long, the stipe as long as the pedicel.--Minn. to Kan.

and westward; N. Ill. Flowers showy; 2--3 high.

(Addendum) C. SPINSA, L. Viscid-p.u.b.escent, 3--4 high; a pair of short stipular spines under the petiole of each leaf; leaflets 5--7, oblong-lanceolate; flowers large, rose-purple to white; stamens 2--3'

long; stipe of the linear pod about 2' long. (C. pungens, _Willd._)--An escape from cultivation, near Mt. Carmel, Ill. (_Schneck_), and in waste grounds southward; also on ballast. (Int. from Trop. Amer.)

3. CLEOMeLLA, DC.

Differing from Cleome in the clawless petals, glandless receptacle, and the short few-seeded pod with more or less distended or even conical valves. Flowers small, yellow. (Name a diminutive of _Cleome_.)

1. C. angustiflia, Torr. Glabrous, 1--2 high; leaflets (3) and simple bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, acute; pod rhomboidal, the valves very bluntly conical; stipe shorter than the pedicel.--Kan. to Tex. and westward.

ORDER 12. RESEDaCEae. (MIGNONETTE FAMILY.)

_Herbs, with unsymmetrical 4--7-merous small flowers, a fleshy 1-sided hypogynous disk between the petals and the (3--40) stamens, bearing the latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Capsule 3--6-lobed, 3--6-horned, 1-celled with 3--6-parietal placentae, opening at the top before the seeds_ (which are as in Order 11) _are full grown._--Leaves alternate, with only glands for stipules. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes.--A small and unimportant family, of the Old World, represented by the Mignonette (_Reseda odorata_) and the Dyer's Weed.

1. RESeDA, Tourn. MIGNONETTE. DYER'S ROCKET.

Petals 4--7, cleft, unequal. Stamens 12--40, on one side of the flower.

(Name from _resedo_, to calm, in allusion to supposed sedative properties.)

R. LUTeOLA, L. (DYER'S WEED or WELD.) Leaves lanceolate; calyx 4-parted; petals 4, greenish-yellow; the upper one 3--5-cleft, the two lateral 3-cleft, the lower one linear and entire; capsule depressed.--Roadsides, N. Y., etc.--Plant 2 high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Adv. from Eu.)

R. LuTEA, L. Leaves irregularly pinnately parted or bipinnatifid; sepals and petals 6, stamens 15--20.--Nantucket, Ma.s.s., and ballast-grounds.

ORDER 13. CISTaCEae. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.)

_Low shrubs or herbs, with regular flowers, distinct and hypogynous mostly indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a 1-celled 3--5-valved capsule with as many parietal placentae borne on the middle of the valves, and orthotropous alb.u.minous seeds._--Sepals 5; the two external much smaller, bract-like, or sometimes wanting; the three others a little twisted in the bud. Petals 3 or 5, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx in the bud. Anthers short, innate, on slender filaments. Style single or none. Ovules few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at the apex. Embryo long and slender, straightish or curved, in mealy alb.u.men; cotyledons narrow.--Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower usually opposite, and the upper alternate. Inert plants.

1. Helianthemum. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious (or none).

Stigma nearly sessile. Stamens and ovules numerous in the petal-bearing flowers.

2. Hudsonia. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9--30. Style long and slender.

Pod strictly 1-celled, 2--6-seeded. Heath-like.

3. Lechea. Petals 3, persistent. Stamens 3--12. Style none. Pod partly 3-celled, the imperfect part.i.tions bearing broad 2-seeded placentae.

1. HELIaNTHEMUM, Tourn. ROCK-ROSE.

Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Styles short or none in our species; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule strictly 1-celled. Embryo curved in the form of a hook or ring.--Flowers in most N. American species of two sorts, viz., _primary_ or earlier ones, with large petals, indefinitely numerous stamens and many-seeded pods; and _secondary_, or later ones, which are much smaller and in cl.u.s.ters, with small petals or none, 3--10 stamens, and much smaller 3--few-seeded pods. The yellow flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast their petals by the next day. (Name from ?????, _the sun_, and ???e??, _flower_.)

1. H. Canadense, Michx. (FROST-WEED.) _Petal-bearing flowers solitary; the small secondary flowers cl.u.s.tered in the axils of the leaves_, nearly sessile; calyx of the large flowers hairy-p.u.b.escent, of the small ones h.o.a.ry, like the stem and lower side of the lanceolate-oblong leaves.--Sandy or gravelly dry soil, Maine to Minn. and southward.

June--Aug.--Stems at first simple. Corolla of the large flowers 1'

wide, producing pods 3" long; pods of the smaller flowers not larger than a pin's head. A variety is more h.o.a.ry, and with a stronger tendency to multiply the minute cl.u.s.tered flowers. Late in autumn crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the root, whence the popular name.

2. H. corymbsum, Michx. _Flowers all cl.u.s.tered at the summit_ of the stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks; calyx woolly.--Pine barrens, N. J. and southward along the coast.