Pod linear, 4-sided, the valves keeled with a strong midrib; stigma broadly lobed. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless.

Cotyledons (often obliquely) inc.u.mbent.--Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers; the leaves not clasping. p.u.b.escence of appressed 2--3-parted hairs. (Name from ????, _to draw blisters_.)

1. E. asperum, DC. (WESTERN WALL-FLOWER.) Minutely roughish-h.o.a.ry; stem simple, leaves lanceolate to linear, entire or somewhat toothed; _pods nearly erect_ or widely spreading _on short pedicels, elongated_ (3--4'

long), exactly 4-sided; stigma 2-lobed.--Ohio (on limestone cliffs) to Ill., Ark., Dak., and common westward. June, July.--Plant stout, 1--2 high; the crowded bright orange-yellow flowers as large as those of the Wall-flower. Petals...o...b..cular, on very slender claws.

2. E. cheiranthodes, L. (WORM-SEED MUSTARD.) Minutely roughish, branching, slender; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed; flowers small; _pods small and short_ (7--12" long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender _divergent pedicels_.--Banks of streams, Ma.s.s. to Penn., Minn., and northward. July. (Eu.)

3. E. parviflrum, Nutt. Stem erect, often simple; leaves linear-oblanceolate, entire or the lowest coa.r.s.ely toothed; flowers small (3" long); pods narrow, 1--2' long, ascending on short pedicels.--Minn. to Kan. and westward.

15. SISMBRIUM, Tourn. HEDGE MUSTARD.

Pod terete, flattish or 4--6-sided, the valves 1--3-nerved; stigma small, entire. Seeds oblong, marginless, in 1 or 2 rows in each cell.

Cotyledons inc.u.mbent. Calyx open.--Flowers small, white or yellow.

p.u.b.escence spreading. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this family.) Ours are mostly annuals or biennials.

1. S. humile, Meyer. Perennial, branching from the base, sparingly p.u.b.escent, 6' high or less; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, mostly coa.r.s.ely and sharply toothed; flowers white or rose-color; pods very narrow, subterete, 4--9" long, ascending on short pedicels, beaked with a short style, seeds 1-ranked. (Arabis petraea, _Man._, not _Lam._)--Willoughby Mountain, Vt.; Canada and westward. (N. Asia.)

2. S. canescens, Nutt. (TANSY MUSTARD.) _Leaves 2-pinnatifid_, often h.o.a.ry or downy, the divisions small and toothed; flowers yellowish, very small; pods in long racemes, oblong-club-shaped or oblong-linear, shorter than their mostly horizontal pedicels; _seeds 2-ranked_ in each cell.--Penn. and N. Y. to Lake Superior, thence southward and westward.

June--Aug.

S. SoPHIA, L. A similar h.o.a.ry species, with decompound leaves; pods slender, 6--15" long, ascending; seeds 1-ranked.--Sparingly naturalized from Europe.

S. OFFICINaLE, Scop. (HEDGE MUSTARD.) _Leaves runcinate_; flowers very small, pale yellow; _pods awl-shaped, close pressed_ to the stem, scarcely stalked.--Waste places. May--Sept.--An unsightly branched weed, 2--3 high. (Nat. from Eu.)

S. THALIaNA, Gaud. (MOUSE-EAR CRESS.) _Leaves obovate or oblong, entire_ or barely toothed; flowers white; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer than the slender spreading pedicels.--Old fields and rocks, Ma.s.s. to Kan. April, May.--A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the base.

(Nat. from Eu.)

S. ALLIaRIA, Scop. Stout, erect; leaves reniform to ovate-cordate, coa.r.s.ely repand-dentate; flowers white; pods tapering, 1--2' long, ascending on very stout spreading pedicels.--Near Georgetown, D. C.

(Nat. from Eu.)

16. THELYPDIUM, Endl.

Pod terete or teretish; valves 1-nerved; stigma mostly entire. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons obliquely inc.u.mbent.--Stout biennials or perennials, with mostly large purplish or white flowers. Leaves or petioles often auricled at base. (Name from ?????, _female_, and p???, _foot_, the ovary in some species being stipitate.)

1. T. pinnatifidum, Watson. Glabrous (1--3 high), often branched above; root-leaves round or heart-shaped, on slender petioles; stem-leaves auricled, ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate (2--6' long), sharply and often doubly toothed, tapering to each end, the lower into a winged petiole, rarely bearing a pair or two of small lateral lobes; flowers purplish; pods 1--1' long, on short diverging pedicels, pointed by a short style. (Arabis hesperidoides, _Gray_.) Alluvial river-banks, Ohio to Minn., Mo., and southwestward. May, June.

17. BRa.s.sICA (Bra.s.sica and Sinapis), Tourn.

Pod linear or oblong, nearly terete or 4-sided, with a stout 1-seeded beak or a rigid style; valves 1--5-nerved. Seeds globose, 1-rowed.

Cotyledons inc.u.mbent, folded around the radicle.--Annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. Lower leaves mostly lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid.

(The Latin name of the Cabbage. Sinapis is the Greek s??ap?, which is said to come from the Celtic _nap_, a turnip.)

B. SINAPiSTRUM, Boiss. (or SINaPIS ARVeNSIS, L., the English CHARLOCK), with knotty pods, fully one third occupied by a stout 2-edged beak (which is either empty or 1-seeded), the upper leaves barely toothed, is a noxious weed in grain-fields, from N. Eng. to Penn. and N. Y.

westward. (Adv. from Eu.)

B. (or SINaPIS) aLBA. (WHITE MUSTARD.) Pods bristly, ascending on spreading pedicels, more than half its length occupied by the sword-shaped 1-seeded beak; leaves all pinnatifid; seeds pale. (Cult.

and adv. from Eu.)

B. (or SINaPIS) NGRA, Koch. (BLACK MUSTARD.) Pods smooth (' long), 4-cornered (the valves only 1-nerved), erect on appressed pedicels forming a slender raceme, tipped with a stout persistent style; seeds dark brown, smaller and more pungent than in the last; lower leaves with a large terminal lobe and a few small lateral ones.--Fields and waste places. (Adv. from Eu.)

B. CAMPeSTRIS, L., in the form of the RUTABAGA and the TURNIP, sometimes persists a year or two in neglected grounds.

18. CAPSeLLA, Medic. SHEPHERD'S PURSE.

Pod obcordate-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow part.i.tion; the valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons inc.u.mbent.--Annuals; flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of _capsa_, a box.)

C. BURSA-PASTRIS, Moench. Root-leaves cl.u.s.tered, pinnatifid or toothed; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile.--Waste places; the commonest of weeds. April--Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

19. THLaSPI, Tourn. PENNYCRESS.

Pod orbicular, obovate, or obcordate, flattened contrary to the narrow part.i.tion, the midrib or keel of the boat-shaped valves extended into a wing. Seeds 2--8 in each cell. Cotyledons acc.u.mbent. Petals equal.--Low plants, with root-leaves undivided, stem-leaves arrow-shaped and clasping, and small white or purplish flowers. (Ancient Greek name, from ????, _to crush_, from the flattened pod.)

T. ARVeNSE, L. (FIELD P. or MITHRIDATE MUSTARD.) A smooth annual, with broadly winged pod ' in diameter, several seeded, deeply notched at top; style minute.--Waste places; rarely naturalized. (Nat. from Eu.)

20. LEPiDIUM, Tourn. PEPPERWORT. PEPPERGRa.s.s.

Pod roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow part.i.tion; the valves boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous.

Cotyledons inc.u.mbent, or in n. 1 acc.u.mbent! Flowers small, white or greenish. (Name from ?ep?d???, _a little scale_, alluding to the small flat pods.)--Ours are annuals or biennials, except the last.

[*] _Leaves all with a tapering base, the upper linear or lanceolate and entire, the lower and often the middle ones incised or pinnatifid; pods...o...b..cular or oval, with a small notch at the top; the style minute or none; stamens only 2._

1. L. Virginic.u.m, L. (WILD PEPPERGRa.s.s.) _Cotyledons acc.u.mbent_ and seed minutely margined; _pod marginless_ or obscurely margined at the top; petals present, except in some of the later flowers.--June--Sept.

A common roadside weed, which has immigrated from farther south.

2. L. intermedium, Gray. _Cotyledons inc.u.mbent_ as in the following; _pod minutely wing-margined at the top_; petals usually minute or wanting; otherwise nearly as in n. 1.--Dry places, from western N. Y.

and N. Ill., north and westward.

L. RUDERaLE, L. More diffuse, the smaller and oval _pods and the seeds marginless; petals always wanting_.--Roadsides, near Boston, Philadelphia, etc.; not common. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] _Stem-leaves with a sagittate partly clasping base, rather crowded._

L. CAMPeSTRE, Br. Minutely _soft downy_; leaves arrow-shaped, somewhat toothed; _pods ovate, winged_, rough, the style longer than the narrow notch.--Old fields, Ma.s.s. and N. Y. to Va.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. DRaBA, L. Perennial, _obscurely h.o.a.ry_; leaves oval or oblong, the upper with broad clasping auricles; flowers corymbose; _pods heart-shaped, wingless_, thickish, entire, tipped with a conspicuous style.--Astoria, near New York, _D. C. Eaton_. (Adv. from Eu.)

21. SENEBIeRA, DC. WART-CRESS. SWINE-CRESS.

Pod flattened contrary to the narrow part.i.tion; the two cells indehiscent and falling away at maturity from the part.i.tion as closed nutlets, strongly wrinkled or tuberculate, 1 seeded. Cotyledons narrow and inc.u.mbently folded transversely. Low and diffuse or prostrate annuals or biennials, with minute whitish flowers. Stamens often only 2.

(Dedicated to _J. Senebier_, a distinguished vegetable physiologist.)

S. DiDYMA, Pers. Leaves 1--2-pinnately parted; _pods notched at the apex, rough-wrinkled_.--Waste places, at ports, E. Ma.s.s. to Va., etc.; an immigrant from farther south.