Dicious. Fruit on a short branch from the axil of an underleaf.

Involucral leaves much imbricate, concave, orbicular or ovate, incised at the apex; perianth ovate-subulate or fusiform, somewhat 3-keeled.

Calyptra pyriform or cylindric-oblong. Capsule oblong. Antheridial spikes from the axils of underleaves. (Named for _M. Bazzani_, an Italian Professor of Anatomy.)

1. B. trilobata, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.) Creeping, dichotomous, proliferous; leaves ovate, the broad apex acutely 3-toothed; underleaves roundish-quadrangular, spreading, 4--6-toothed above; perianth curved, cylindric, plicate at the narrow apex and 3-toothed. (Mastigobryum trilobatum, _Nees._ M. tridenticulatum, _Lindenb._)--Ravines, wet woods and swamps; common and variable. (Eu.)

2. B. deflexa, Underw. Stems forked or alternately branched; leaves strongly deflexed, cordate-ovate or ovate-oblong, falcate, the upper margin arcuate, the narrow apex 2--3-toothed or entire; underleaves roundish-quadrate, the upper margin bifid, crenate, or entire; perianth cylindric, arcuate, plicate above and denticulate. (Mastigobryum deflexum, _Nees._)--On rocks in the higher mountains eastward. (Eu.)

10. LEPIDZIA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves small, incubous, palmately 2--4-cleft or -parted; underleaves similar, often smaller. Dicious or rarely moncious. Fruit terminal on short branches from the under side of the stem. Involucral leaves small, appressed, concave, 2--4-cleft; perianth elongated, ovate-subulate or narrowly fusiform, obtusely triangular above, entire or denticulate.

Calyptra included, pyriform or oblong. Capsule oblong-cylindric. Spores minute, smooth or roughish. Antheridia large, pedicelled, solitary in the axils of 2-cleft spicate leaves. (Name from ?ep??, _a scale_, and ????, _a shoot_, for the scale-like foliage.)

1. L. reptans, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) Creeping, pinnately compound, the branches often flagellate; leaves decurved, subquadrate, 3--4-cleft; involucral leaves ovate, truncate, unequally 4-toothed; perianth incurved, dentate.--On the ground and rotten wood, N. J., and common northward. (Eu.)

2. L. setacea, Mitt. Leaves deeply 2--3-cleft or -parted, incurved, the lobes subulate, formed of a somewhat double series of cells; underleaves similar; perianth ciliate. (Jungermannia setacea, _Web._)--On the ground and rotten wood; common. Resembling the next in its leaves, but smaller and brownish. (Eu.)

11. BLEPHARoSTOMA, Dumort. (Pl. 25.)

Leaves transverse or slightly incubous, 3--4-parted, the divisions capillary; underleaves smaller, mostly 2--3-parted. Dicious or moncious. Fruit terminal. Involucral leaves numerous, verticillate, deeply 4-cleft; perianth exserted, pyriform-cylindric, laciniate.

Calyptra short, oblong, bil.a.b.i.ate. Capsule cylindric-oblong. Elaters large, very obtuse. Spores large, smooth. Antheridia solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts. (Name from ??fa???, _an eyelid_, and st?a, _mouth_, in allusion to the fringed orifice of the perianth.)

1. B. trichophllum, Dumort. Flaccid, branched, creeping; leaf-divisions straight, spreading, each composed of a single row of cells; perianth ovate-cylindric. (Jungermannia trichophylla, _L._)--On the ground and rotten wood. Minute, light green. (Eu.)

12. CEPHALZIA, Dumort. (Pl. 23.)

Leaves mostly succubous, chiefly 2-lobed, the margins uniformly plane or subincurved; underleaves smaller, often wanting except on fruiting branches. Branches from the under side of the stem. Moncious or dicious. Involucral leaves numerous, capitate, 3-ranked, usually 2-lobed; perianth long, triangular-prismatic, the constricted mouth variously dentate. Calyptra small. Capsule somewhat oblong. Elaters free. Spores minute. Antheridia in the base of inflated spicate leaves.

(Name from ?efa??, _head_, and ????, _bud_, for the capitate involucre.)

-- 1. CEPHALOZIA proper. _Perianth more or less 3-angled or 3-carinate; leaf-cells large (mostly 25--50 broad); plants mostly medium-sized._

[*] _Underleaves rarely present except on fruiting branches._

1. C. Virginiana, Spruce. Without runners, usually pale; leaves small, obliquely round-ovate, acutely 2-lobed nearly to the middle; cells quadrate-hexagonal, opaque; dicious, rarely moncious; involucral leaves round-quadrate, with slender ac.u.minate lobes; perianth large, widest above the middle, unequally ciliolate; capsule large, long-exserted; antheridial spike long. (C. catenulata of authors; not _Huebn._)--On rotten wood or swampy ground, N. Eng. to Va., and southward.

2. C. multiflra, Spruce. (Pl. 23.) Often subpinnate, without runners, pale green; leaves small, round-rhombic, decurrent, bifid {1/3} their length; cells quadrate-hexagonal, pellucid; dicious; inner involucral leaves 3--4 times as long as the outer; perianth linear-fusiform, 3-plaited when young, triangular only above when mature, ciliate or toothed, fleshy; calyptra fleshy, oval-globose; capsule rather short-pedicelled; spores cinnamon-color.--On the ground and rotten wood; common. (Eu.)

3. C. pleniceps, Underw. Stems very short, branching, densely cespitose, pale green or whitish; leaves thick, orbicular, strongly concave, subclasping but not decurrent, bifid {1/3} their length, the acute lobes incurved and strongly connivent; involucral leaves oblong, palmately 2--4-cleft, the ventral like the underleaves; perianth large, oblong-cylindric, obtusely angled, the plicate mouth denticulate.

(Jungermannia pleniceps, _Aust._)--Among Sphagnum in the White Mts.

(_Oakes_).

4. C. bicuspidata, Dumort. Prostrate or a.s.surgent, cespitose, usually greenish or reddish, with runners; lower leaves small and distant, the upper larger, round-ovate, cleft nearly to the middle, the lobes ovate-lanceolate and acute, the lower lobe narrower and ac.u.minate; cells large, pellucid; moncious; involucral leaves about 3 pairs, the innermost nearly three times as long as the outer, cleft their length; perianth four times as long as the leaves, linear-prismatic or fusiform, thin, denticulate or ciliate; capsule cylindric-oblong; spores purple.

(Jungermannia bicuspidata, _L._)--On the ground, mountains of N. Eng., N. Y., and N. J. (Eu.)

5. C. curviflia, Dumort. Slender, rarely forked, without runners, greenish, reddish, or often purple; leaves imbricate, ascending, obovate, concave, semicordate at base, lunately bifid below the middle, the lobes incurved or hooked; cells small, quadrate; moncious or dicious; involucral leaves complicate, the lobes subovate, spinulose-denticulate; perianth large, rose-purple, triquetrous, the wide mouth ciliate; calyptra thin; capsule oblong-globose.

(Jungermannia curvifolia, _d.i.c.ks._)--On rotten logs in swamps, etc.; common. (Eu.)

[*][*] _Underleaves usually present; leaves rarely subimbricate._

6. C. fluitans, Spruce. Stems 2--3' long, loosely creeping, with short thick runners; leaves large, ovate-oblong, lobed to near the middle, the lower lobe larger, lanceolate, obtuse; cells large, mostly hexagonal; underleaves linear, appressed; dicious; involucral leaves cleft to the middle; perianth oval-cylindric, nearly entire; calyptra short, pyriform; capsule oblong; spores small, minutely tuberculate; antheridia globose, pedicelled, solitary in the axils.--In bogs, on mosses or partly floating; rare. (Eu.)

-- 2. CEPHALOZIeLLA. _Perianth 3--6-angled; leaf-cells small (14--20 broad); plants small, often minute; underleaves present in n. 9._

7. C. divaricata, Dumort. Sparingly branched, without runners; leaves very small, cuneate or round-quadrate, the ovate-triangular lobes acute; cells pellucid or subopaque; involucral leaves larger, the lobes acute, denticulate; perianth linear or narrowly fusiform, prismatic, denticulate or subentire; capsule oblong-globose, long-exserted.

(Jungermannia divaricata, _Smith._)--Dry rocks and sand, pine barrens of N. J., and northward. (Eu.)

8. C. Macounii, Aust. Slender, much branched, dark green; leaves scarcely broader than the stem, wide-spreading, bifid with a broad or lunate sinus, the broad-subulate lobes mostly acute; cells subquadrate, somewhat pellucid; dicious; involucral leaves appressed, 2--3-lobed, irregularly spinulose; perianth small, whitish, obovate or ovate-fusiform, obtusely 3-angled, setulose or ciliate.--Rotten logs, mountains of N. Eng., and northward (_Austin_, _Macoun_).

9. C. Sullivantii, Aust. Stems 3--6" long, fleshy, rootlets numerous; fertile branches suberect, clavate; leaves imbricate, often narrower than the stem, subquadrate-ovate, more or less serrate, the sinus and lobes subacute; dicious; involucral leaves 3, erect, free; perianth broadly oval or subobovate, obtusely and sparingly angled, the apex slightly plicate, the mouth connivent, dentate, sometimes narrowly scarious; capsule oval.--On rotten wood, N. J., Ohio, and Ill.; rare.

Our smallest species.

13. ODONTOSCHiSMA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves succubous, ovate or roundish, entire or retuse, rarely bidentate; underleaves minute, sometimes obscure or wanting. Dicious or sometimes moncious. Fruit terminal on a short branch from the lower side of the stem. Involucral leaves few, 3-ranked, bifid or rarely 3--4-cleft; perianth large, triangular-fusiform, ciliate or dentate. Calyptra membranous. Capsule cylindric-oblong. Antheridia in small whitish spikes on the under side of the stem. (Name from ?d???, _a tooth_, and s??sa, _a cleft_, alluding to the perianth.)

1. O. Sphagni, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) Leaves spreading or ascending, ovate, rounded or oblong, entire or retuse, subconcave; underleaves mostly wanting; perianth 3--6 times longer than the leaves, subulate-fusiform, laciniate or ciliate. (Sphagncetis communis, _Nees_.)--Among mosses, N. J. to Ill., and southward. (Eu.)

2. O. denudata, Lindb. Stems densely rooting, somewhat leafless at base, flagellate, branching above; leaves spreading, broadly ovate, entire; underleaves broadly oval, entire or subdenticulate; perianth close-connivent above, at length bursting irregularly.--On rotten wood, Canada to Ohio, and south along the mountains. (Eu.)

14. KaNTIA, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves large, incubous, flat or convex, entire or retuse; underleaves small, roundish, the apex entire, retuse or bifid. Dicious or moncious. Involucre pendulous, subterranean, clavate or subcylindric, fleshy, hairy, attached to the stem by one side of its mouth. Calyptra membranous, partly adnate to the involucre. Capsule cylindric, the valves spirally twisted. Spores minute, roughish. Antheridia solitary in the reduced leaves of short lateral branches. (Name from _J. Kant_, a physician at The Hague.)

1. K. Trichomanis, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.) Creeping, without ventral runners; leaves pale green, imbricate, spreading, roundish-ovate, obtuse. (Calypogeia Trichomanis, _Corda_.)--On the ground and rotten logs; very common. (Eu.)--Var. RIVULaRIS, Aust. Leaves dusky green or blackish, more scattered, flaccid; cells large. N. J. (_Austin_.)--Var.

TeNUIS, Aust. Very slender, innovate-branching; leaves smaller, especially above, dimidiate-ovate or subfalcate, subdecurrent. Southern N. J. (_Austin_).

2. K. Sullivantii, Underw. Prostrate, with ventral runners; leaves flat, subcontiguous or imbricate, obliquely round-ovate, minutely 2-toothed with a lunulate sinus, abruptly decurrent; cells large, uniform; underleaves minute, the upper orbicular, bifid, the lower twice 2-lobed, the primary lobes round-quadrate, divaricate, the secondary ovate or subulate. (Calypogeia Sullivantii, _Aust._)--Delaware Water Gap, N. J.

(_Austin_).

15. SCAPaNIA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves complicate-bilobed, the upper lobe smaller, the lower succubous; margins entire or dentate or ciliate; underleaves none. Dicious. Fruit terminal. Involucral leaves like the cauline but more equally lobed; perianth obovate, dorsally compressed, bil.a.b.i.ate, the mouth truncate, entire or toothed, decurved. Capsule ovate. Elaters long, attached to the middle of the valves. Antheridia 3--20, in the axils of small saccate leaves, which are scarcely imbricate or crowded into terminal heads. (Name from s?ap?????, _a shovel_, from the form of the perianth.)

[*] _Leaf-lobes somewhat equal._

1. S. subalpna, Dumort. Leaves equidistant, imbricate, cleft nearly to the middle, the roundish obtuse lobes denticulate on the outer margin; perianth much exceeding the involucral leaves, obovate from a narrow base, denticulate.--Mountains of N. Eng. (_Oakes, Austin_); L. Superior (_Gillman, Macoun_). (Eu.)

2. S. glaucocephala, Aust. Stems short, cespitose, creeping or ascending, subsimple, with numerous offshoots; leaf-lobes broadly ovate, entire, mostly obtuse and apiculate; involucral leaves sometimes denticulate; perianth small, subcuneate, entire. (Jungermannia glaucocephala, _Tayl._; S. Peckii, _Aust._)--On rotten wood, N. Eng. to N. Y. and Canada.

[*][*] _Lower lobe about twice the size of the upper, except near the summit._

[+] _Leaves broader than long; upper lobes rounded or blunt._

3. S. undulata, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) Ascending or erect, slightly branched; leaves lax, spreading, entire or ciliate-denticulate, the lobes round-trapezoidal, equal at the summit of the stem; perianth oblong-incurved, nearly entire, twice as long as the outer involucre.--In woods, damp meadows, and rills; common, especially in mountain districts.--Var. PURPuREA, Nees; a form with long lax stems and rose-colored or purplish leaves. (Eu.)