12. G. angustiflia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6--15' high), mostly simple; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid; corolla open-funnel-form (2' long), azure-blue, also a greenish and white variety, about twice the length of the thread-like calyx-lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice as long as the cut-toothed appendages.--Moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.

PLEURoGYNE CARINTHACA, Griseb., var. PUSiLLA, Gray, a low few-flowered annual, with rotate blue or bluish 4--5 parted corolla and a pair of scale-like appendages on the base of its divisions, is found from the Arctic Coast to the Lower St. Lawrence and Newfoundland, and was reported by Pursh from the summits of the White Mountains, but has not since been found.

5. FRaSERA, Walt. AMERICAN COLUMBO.

Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division with a glandular and fringed pit on the face. Filaments awl-shaped, usually somewhat monadelphous at base; anthers oblong, versatile. Style persistent; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oval, flattened, 4--14-seeded. Seeds large and flat, wing-margined.--Tall and showy herbs, with a thick root, upright and mostly simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open cymes, disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to _John Fraser_, an indefatigable collector in this country toward the close of the last century.)

1. F. Carolinensis, Walt. Smooth biennial or triennial (3--8 high); leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate, veiny; panicle pyramidal, loosely flowered; corolla (1' broad) light greenish-yellow, marked with small brown-purple dots, its divisions oblong, mucronate, longer than the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large round gland below the middle; capsule much flattened parallel with the flat valves.--Rich dry soil, western N. Y. to Wisc., south to Ga.

6. HALeNIA, Borkh. SPURRED GENTIAN.

Calyx 4--5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4--5-cleft, without folds or fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish capsule. Seeds rather numerous, oblong.--Small and upright herbs, with yellowish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers.

(Named for _John Halen_, a German botanist.)

1. H. deflexa, Grisebach. Leafy annual or biennial (9--18' high), simple or branched above; leaves 3--5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and petioled, the others oblong-lanceolate, acute; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved, descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla.--Damp and cool woods, from N. Maine and W. Ma.s.s. to L. Superior, Minn., and northward.

7. BARTNIA, Muhl.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, dest.i.tute of glands, fringes, or folds. Stamens short. Capsule oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length 2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface of the pod.--Small annuals or biennials (3--10'

high), with thread-like stems, and little awl-shaped scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled. (Dedicated to _Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton_, of Philadelphia.)

1. B. tenella, Muhl. Stems branched above, the branches or peduncles mostly opposite, 1--3-flowered; _lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish, rather longer than the calyx_, or sometimes twice as long; _anthers roundish_; ovary 4-angled, the cell somewhat cruciform.--Open woods, Newf. to Wisc., south to Va. and La. Aug.--Scales and branches occasionally alternate.

2. B. verna, Muhl. Stem 1--few-flowered; flowers 3--4" long, larger; _lobes of the corolla spatulate, obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of the calyx; anthers oblong_; ovary flat.--Bogs near the coast, S. Va. to Fla. and La. March.

8. OBOLaRIA, L.

Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 4-cleft; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age spatulate, imbricated in the bud! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, short. Style short, persistent; stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, the cell cruciform; the seeds covering the whole face of the walls.--A low and very smooth purplish-green perennial (3--8' high), with a simple or sparingly branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves; the dull white or purplish flowers solitary or in cl.u.s.ters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile; in spring. (Name from ?????, a small Greek coin, from the thick rounded leaves.)

1. O. Virginica, L. Herbaceous and rather fleshy, the lower leaves scale-like; flowers 4" long.--Moist woods, N. J. to Ill., south to Ga.

and Tex.

9. MENYaNTHES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-cleft, deciduous, the whole upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward. Style slender, persistent; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule bursting somewhat irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining.--A perennial alternate-leaved herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets; the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1 high), white or slightly reddish. (The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from ??, _month_, and ?????, _a flower_, some say from its flowering for about that time.)

1. M. trifoliata, L.--Bogs, N. J. and Penn. to Ind. and Iowa, and far north and westward. May, June. (Eu., Asia.)

10. LIMNaNTHEMUM, Gmelin. FLOATING HEART.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inward in the bud, bearing a glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none; stigma 2-lobed, persistent. Capsule few--many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat hard.--Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles, which, in most species, bear near the summit the umbel of (polygamous) flowers, along with a cl.u.s.ter of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous stolons, flowering all summer. (Name compounded of ????, _a marsh_ or _pool_, and ???e??, _a blossom_, from the situations where they grow.)

1. L. lacunsum, Grisebach. _Leaves entire_, round-heart-shaped (1--2'

broad), thickish, petioles filiform; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly oval, naked, except the crest-like yellowish gland at the base, twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes; style none; _seeds smooth and even_.--Shallow water, from Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

2. L. trachyspermum, Gray. _Leaves larger_ (2--6' broad) and rounder, thicker, often wavy-margined or crenate, roughish and dark-punctate or pitted beneath; petioles stouter; _seeds glandular-roughened_.--Ponds and streams, Md. and Va. to Fla. and Tex.

ORDER 70. POLEMONIaCEae. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

_Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud, a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, few--many-seeded, the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central column._--Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of copious alb.u.men. Calyx persistent, imbricated. Corolla with a 5-parted border. Anthers introrse. (Insipid and innocent plants; many are ornamental in cultivation.)

1. Phlox. Corolla salver-form. Calyx narrow. Leaves opposite, entire.

2. Gilia. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Calyx narrow, partly scarious. Leaves mostly alternate, entire.

3. Polemonium. Corolla open-bell shaped. Calyx herbaceous, bell-shaped.

Filaments slender, equal. Leaves alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted.

1. PHLOX, L.

Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver-form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the corolla, included. Capsule ovoid, with sometimes 2 ovules but ripening only a single seed in each cell.--Perennials (except a few southern species, such as P. Drummondii of the gardens), with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves, the floral often alternate. Flowers cymose, mostly bracted; the open cl.u.s.ters terminal or crowded in the upper axils. (F???, _flame_, an ancient name of Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) Most of our species are cultivated in gardens.

-- 1. _Herbaceous, with flat (broad or narrow) leaves._

[*] _Stem strictly erect; panicle pyramidal or oblong, many-flowered; peduncles and pedicels very short; corolla-lobes entire. (Very common in gardens.)_

1. P. paniculata, L. Stem stout (2--4 high), smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the upper often heart-shaped at the base; _panicle ample, pyramidal-corymbed; calyx-teeth awn-pointed_; corolla pink-purple varying to white.--Open woods, Penn. to Ill., south to Fla. and La.

June, July.

2. P. maculata, L. (WILD SWEET-WILLIAM.) Smooth, or barely roughish; _stem spotted with purple_, rather slender (1--2 high); lower leaves lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the broad and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base, _panicle narrow, oblong_, leafy below; _calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed_; corolla pink-purple.--Rich woodlands and along streams, N. J. and N. Penn. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.--Var.

CaNDIDA, Michx., is a white-flowered form, commonly with spotless stem.

With the ordinary form.

[*][*] _Stems, at least the flowering ones, ascending or erect; flowers in corymbed or simple cymes; corolla-lobes obovate or obcordate._

[+] _Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate; corolla-lobes rounded, entire; glabrous or nearly so._

3. P. ovata, L. Stems ascending (--2 high), often from a prostrate base; _leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate_, and sometimes heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed; flowers pink or rose-red, crowded, short-peduncled; _calyx-teeth_ short and broad, _acute_. (P. Carolina, _L._)--Open woods, in the mountain region from Penn. to Ala. June, July.

4. P. glaberrima, L. Stems slender, erect (1--3 high); _leaves linear-lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate_, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point (3--4' long); cymes few-flowered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduncled (pink or whitish); _calyx-teeth_ narrower and very _sharp-pointed_.--Prairies and open woods, N. Va. to Ohio and Minn., south to Fla. and Mo. July.

[+][+] _Calyx-teeth long and slender; more or less hairy or glandular-p.u.b.escent._

[++] _No runners or prostrate sterile shoots._

5. P. pilsa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1--1 high), usually hairy, as are the _lanceolate or linear leaves_ (1--4' long), which commonly _taper to a sharp point_; cymes at length open; _calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-like_, longer than the tube, loose or spreading; lobes of the pink-purple or rose-red (rarely white) corolla obovate, entire.--Dry or sandy woods, prairies, etc., N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June.

6. P. am'na, Sims. Stems ascending (--1 high), mostly simple; _leaves broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong_, abruptly acute or blunt (--1' long), on sterile shoots often ovate; _cyme mostly compact and sessile, leafy-bracted; calyx-teeth awl-shaped or linear_, sharp-pointed, but seldom awned, rather longer than the tube, straight; lobes of the corolla obovate and entire (or rarely notched), purple, pink, or sometimes white. (P. proc.u.mbens, _Gray_; not _Lehm._)--Dry hills and barrens, Va. to Ky., south to Fla.

[++][++] _Sterile shoots from the base creeping or dec.u.mbent; leaves rather broad._