DENMARK

COPENHAGEN. This manufactory was commenced by an apothecary of the name of Muller, in 1772, and Baron von Lang, from the Furstenberg manufactory, is said to have been instrumental in forming it. The capital was raised in shares, but the factory not being successful, the Government interfered, and it became a royal establishment in 1775, and has remained so ever since.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 196.--CABARET. _With portraits of Raphael, and other celebrated painters._]

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 197.--CABARET.]

FRANCE

ST. CLOUD. A factory was established here about 1695 for the production of porcelain, at which time M. Morin was proprietor, and M. Chicanneau director of the works.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 198.--JUG.]

According to letters patent of 1702, granted to the heirs of Chicanneau, his widow, Barbe Courdray, and her children, were interested in the works; their father had made many experiments and attempts to discover the secret of true porcelain, and from the year 1696 had produced some nearly equal to the porcelain of China. His children, to whom he imparted the secret, successfully continued the fabrication, and were permitted to manufacture porcelain at St. Cloud, or in any other part or parts of the kingdom, except Rouen and its faubourgs. In 1712 a renewal of the patent took place for ten years, and in the meantime the widow Barbe Courdray married a M. Trou.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 199.--STATUETTE. _Astronomy seated, holding the sun._]

In 1722 letters patent were granted for twenty years more to Jean and Jean Baptiste Chicanneau, Marie Moreau, the widow of Pierre Chicanneau (third son) and Henri and Gabriel Trou, children of Barbe Courdray by her second marriage. About this time serious disagreements occurred between the two families, and they separated, Gabriel and Henri Trou remaining at St. Cloud, patronised by the Duke of Orleans; while Marie Moreau opened another establishment in the Rue de la Ville l'eveque, Faubourg St. Honore, directed by Dominique Francois Chicanneau. In 1742 another _arret_ granted privileges for twenty years to both these establishments, and Marie Moreau dying in 1743 left Dominique her business.

The manufactory at St. Cloud was destroyed by fire (the act of an incendiary) in 1773, and the manufacture ceased, the proprietors not being able to raise sufficient funds to rebuild it.

CHANTILLY. This manufactory was founded in 1725 by Ciquaire Cirou, under the patronage of the Prince de Conde, as appears by letters patent dated 1735, who was succeeded by Antheaume and others. The porcelain was highly esteemed, and there was hardly any object which they did not produce, from the lofty vase to the simplest knife handle. The Chantilly pattern was a great favourite for ordinary services; it was called "Barbeau," and consisted of a small blue flower running over the white paste.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 200.--DISH. _Mark, hunting horn and P, in gold._ Diameter 12 in.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 201.--PAIR OF FIGURES.]

ROUEN. Louis Poterat, Sieur de St. etienne, of St. Sever, at Rouen, obtained letters patent in 1673, stating that he had discovered processes for fabricating porcelain similar to that of China, and wares resembling those of Delft; but the former was of a very rude character and never arrived at any perfection.

After the establishment at St. Cloud had commenced selling porcelain, the proprietors of the Rouen manufactory appear to have revived their porcelain in the hopes of competing with them, but with no good result.

MENNECY-VILLEROY. This important manufactory was established in 1735 by Francois Barbin, under the patronage of the Duc de Villeroy. The early specimens are similar to the _porcelaine tendre_ of St. Cloud, of a milky translucent appearance.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 202.--SUGAR BASIN AND STAND.]

Barbin was succeeded about 1748 by Messieurs Jacques and Jullien, and the manufactory continued in a flourishing state until 1773, when on the expiration of the lease it was removed to Bourg-la-Reine.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 203.--GROUP OF CHILDREN.]

SCEAUX PENTHIeVRE, near Paris. Established in 1750 by Jacques Chapelle; it was situated opposite the Pet.i.t Chatelet, and was under the patronage of the Duc de Penthievre. It was carried on by Glot in 1773. The Prince-Protector died in 1794, but the production of _pate tendre_ ceased before that time.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 204.--CUP AND SAUCER.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 205.--MILK-POT. _Mark, S. X._]

ARRAS. Established in 1782 by the Demoiselles Deleneur, under the patronage of M. de Calonne, Intendant de Flandre et de l'Artois; it only lasted a few years.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 206.--SEAU. _Mark, A. R._]

BOULOGNE-SUR-MER. Established by M. Haffringue, in the 19th century, with the kaolin of Limoges.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 207.--PLAQUE. _White biscuit._]

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 208.--SUCRIER. _White biscuit._]

eTIOLLES (Seine-et-Oise), near Corbeil. Established in 1768, by Monnier, for soft paste porcelain. The works lasted only a short time.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 209.--CUP AND SAUCER. _Mark, E. Pelleve_, 1770.

Diameter 2-1/2 and 5 in.]

LILLE. Established in 1711 by Barthelemy Dorez and Pierre Pelissier, his nephew, natives of Lille. The porcelain (_pate tendre_) of this time was like that of St. Cloud, but in the Delft style, the favourite ornamentation being Chinese designs. At a later period (in 1784) a manufactory of hard porcelain was established by Leperre Durot, under the patronage of the Dauphin; it was styled "Manufacture Royale de Monseigneur le Dauphin." The porcelain of Leperre Durot is richly adorned with gold and with carefully painted bouquets of flowers.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 210.--CUP AND SAUCER. _With mark, crowned Dolphin._]

M. Roger succeeded Leperre Durot, and in 1792 he sold his interest in the works to Messieurs Regnault and Graindorge; they were, however, soon ruined, and the establishment was closed.

BOURG-LA-REINE. Started in 1773 by Messieurs Jacques and Jullien, who removed thither on the expiration of their lease at Mennecy. It was in active existence, making china purely of an industrial character, in 1788.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 211.--CUSTARD CUP. _Mark, B. R._ Height 3-1/4 in.]

CLIGNANCOURT. Established in 1775 by Pierre Deruelle, under the patronage of Monsieur le Comte de Provence, brother of the king (afterwards Louis XVIII.).

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 212.--MILK-POT AND COVER.

FIG. 213.--CUP AND DISH.

FIG. 214.--MILK JUG.]

LUNeVILLE. A factory called "Manufacture Stanislas" was established in 1731. It lasted only a short time, but a later manufactory, founded about 1769, was celebrated for its productions.

Paul Louis Cyffle, sculptor, obtained, in 1768, letters patent for fifteen years, by virtue of which he established another manufactory for superior vessels of the material called _terre de Lorraine_, and in the following year a new privilege was granted for making groups and statuettes with his improved paste, under the name of _pate de marbre_.

ORLEANS. Established by M. Gerreault in 1753, under the protection of the Duc de Penthievre; the porcelain first made here was of the soft paste, but hard paste was subsequently produced. Gerreault was succeeded by Bourdon _fils_ about 1788, Piedor, Dubois, and lastly, Le Brun, from 1808 to 1811.

NIDERVILLER. Established about 1760 by Baron de Beyerle. After successfully carrying on this branch for several years, he attempted hard porcelain in 1768, and procured potters and artists from Saxony.

Three or four years before his death, which happened in 1784, the estate was bought by General de Custine. This new proprietor continued the _fabrique_, under the direction of M. Lanfray, who paid especial attention to the production of fine porcelain; the fabrication of statuettes was greatly increased.

[Ill.u.s.tration: ORLEANS

FIG. 215.--BOWL, COVER, AND STAND. _Mark, heraldic label in blue._]

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 216.--MILK-POT AND COVER. _Mark, double C under coronet, in blue._ Height 6-1/2 in.]

After the decapitation of the unfortunate de Custine, his estates, being forfeited to the Republic, were sold on the 25 Germinal, An X (1802), to M. Lanfray, and carried on by him until his death in 1827, when the manufactory was sold to L. G. Dryander, of Saarbrucken. For many years he continued to make porcelain, as well as fayence groups and statuettes, but the distance of his _fabrique_ from the kaolin of St.

Yrieix prevented him from competing successfully with those of Limoges, and this branch was abandoned.

BOISSETTE, near Melun. A factory was established in 1777 by Jacques Vermonet pere et fils, but it lasted only a short time.