Ontario Teachers' Manuals: Household Science in Rural Schools.

by Ministry of Education Ontario.

PREFACE

This Manual is issued for the purpose of encouraging the introduction and furthering the progress of Household Science in the rural schools of this Province. There are 903 urban and 5,697 rural schools, and 45.87% of the school population is in attendance at the latter schools. The value of Household Science as an educational and practical subject has been recognized, to some extent, in the urban schools of the Province but, up to the present, little attempt has been made to give the subject a place among the activities of the rural schools.

There is a wide-spread impression that it is not possible in Household Science to give any instruction that is of value without the provision of separate rooms, elaborate equipment, and specially trained teachers.

Where these conditions exist, of course, the best work can be accomplished; but, even where they cannot be realized, much may be done toward giving definite, useful instruction in the cardinal principles of home-making, which should be learned by every girl. There is certainly not a single rural school where some practical work in sewing and some valuable lessons in the care of the home may not be given. As for cookery, it is doubtful if there is a single school so small and so helpless that it is unable to use the hot noon-day lunch as a method of approach to this branch of the subject.

Students of the physical welfare of children are rapidly coming to the conclusion that a warm mid-day meal greatly increases the efficiency of the pupil and determines to a large extent the results of the afternoon's study. There are other benefits to be derived from a school lunch well prepared under proper conditions. In many communities it has been the means of bringing about a healthy and satisfactory co-operation between the school and the home, of developing a higher social life in the neighbourhood, and of introducing into the school a Household Science course, which has proved as great a benefit to the farmer's wife as to his children.

This Manual deals entirely with conditions that exist in our rural schools and outlines only such plans and schemes as can be carried out, even in adverse circ.u.mstances, by alert trustees, sympathetic inspectors, and resourceful teachers.

Permission has been obtained from the Bureau of Education, Washington, U.S.A., to make use of a recently issued bulletin--"Three Courses in Home-making for Rural Schools", and of various bulletins issued by State Agricultural Colleges. The freest use has been made of this material, and the permission to do so is hereby gratefully acknowledged.

Only such theory as can be readily a.s.similated has been given; and the teacher is advised for further information and help to consult the Manuals issued by the Department of Education on _Household Management_ and _Sewing_. Those who wish to become thoroughly competent and to earn the highest Departmental grants should attend the Summer Schools provided by the Department of Education. Under certain conditions the expenses of teachers attending these courses are paid by the Department.

Nothing has been included or recommended that cannot be accomplished in the average rural school; and trustees, teachers, and inspectors are urged to make a beginning by selecting the lessons that appeal to them as being most suitable to the districts in which their schools are situated.

By careful planning and a wise use of the time before and after school and during recess, the regular organization of the school need not be interfered with; and, in addition to the educational and social advantages to be derived from undertaking this work, much benefit will result from the increased interest taken in the school by the parents and the general public.

It is not essential that the lessons in this Manual should be taken exactly in the order given. Any other arrangement called for by the peculiar circ.u.mstances of the school is admissible.

The Inspector of Manual Training and Household Science is ready at all times to visit rural schools for the purpose of conferring with the Public School Inspectors, the trustees, and the teachers regarding the introduction of Household Science as a regular subject of the school curriculum.

HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE IN RURAL SCHOOLS

THREE SHORT COURSES IN HOME-MAKING

INTRODUCTION

The three brief courses in home-making outlined in this Manual have been especially prepared for use in elementary rural schools. They are in no sense complete outlines of the subjects with which they deal; rather, they indicate a few of the important phases of food study, sewing, and the care of the home with which the pupil in the elementary school should become familiar. The underlying thought for each problem should be: "Will this help the pupils to live more useful lives, and will it lead to better conditions in their homes?"

The lessons are purposely made simple, and the plans are definitely outlined, so that even the inexperienced teacher may be able to achieve a certain measure of success. The experienced teacher will find in them suggestions that may be of value in the further development of the course.

The teacher who desires to use this course will necessarily have to adapt it to her own community, and it is hoped that she may be able to do this with but little alteration. While conditions of living and choice of foods differ in various parts of the Province, the general principles of nutrition, the rules of sanitation, and the methods of cooking and serving are much the same for all.

Owing to the difficulty of securing time on the programme for frequent lessons in home-making, each of the courses has been limited to twenty lessons. Some teachers may not be able to have a greater number of lessons during the school year, and they may find it well to carry the three courses through three successive years. In other schools, where more frequent lessons can be given, it may be well to offer all three courses during one year. The courses in cooking and the care of the home can be advantageously combined, as many of the problems in both are related. The lessons in sewing may be given on another day of the week, or it may be well to give them early in the year, to be followed, later, by the cooking lessons. Thus an opportunity will be furnished for the making of the cooking ap.r.o.ns and the hemming of the towels.

It is most desirable that periods of at least forty minutes should be provided for all the practical lessons. Longer periods will be necessary for some of them, such as the preparation and the serving of a meal. If no practical work is undertaken in the lesson, a forty-minute period is sufficient.

LIBRARY ON HOME ECONOMICS FOR THE RURAL SCHOOL

In addition to the text-books recommended as sources of special reference for the rural teacher, the following books, bearing on home economics or on methods of teaching, are suggested for the rural school library. These books have been chosen with the threefold purpose of providing references for the teachers, reading matter for the pupils, and a lending library for the parents.

_Laundering._ Balderston, L. Ray. Pub. by the Author.

Philadelphia $1.25

_Country Life and the Country School._ Carney, M. Row, Peterson & Co., Chicago 1.25

_How the World is Fed._ Carpenter, F. O. American Book Co., New York .60

_How the World is Clothed._ Carpenter, F. O. American Book Co., New York .60

_How the World is Housed._ Carpenter, F. O. American Book Co., New York .60

_How We Are Clothed._ Chamberlain, J. F. Macmillan's, Toronto .45

_How We Are Fed._ Chamberlain, J. F. Macmillan's, Toronto .45

_How We Are Sheltered._ Chamberlain, J. F. Macmillan's, Toronto .45

_Bacteria, Yeasts, and Molds in the Home._ Conn, H. W.

Ginn & Co., Boston 1.00

_The Boston Cooking-school Cook Book._ Farmer, F. M.

Little, Brown & Co., Boston. (McClelland, Goodchild & Stewart, Toronto) 1.80

_The Rural School Lunch._ Farnsworth, N. W. Webb Pub.

Co., St. Paul, Minn. .25

_Clothing and Shelter._ Kinne, H., and Cooley, A. M.

Macmillan's, Toronto 1.10

_Foods and Household Management._ Kinne, H., and Cooley, A. M. Macmillan's, Toronto 1.10

_Means and Methods of Agricultural Education._ Leake, A. H. Houghton, Mifflin Co., New York. (Thos. Allen, Toronto) 2.00

_Rural Hygiene._ Ogden, H. N. Saunders, Philadelphia 1.50

_Health and Cleanliness._ O'Shea, M. V., and Kellogg, J. H.

Macmillan's, Toronto .56

_Rural Education._ Pickard, A. E. Webb Pub. Co., St. Paul, Minn. 1.00

_Manual of Personal Hygiene._ Pyle, W. L. Saunders, Philadelphia 1.50

_Feeding the Family._ Rose, M. S. Macmillan's, Toronto 2.10

_Food Products._ Sherman, H. C. Macmillan's, Toronto 2.00