Combat Ships

BB.

Battleship Battleship CVL CVL.

Light carrier Light carrier CA.

Heavy cruiser Heavy cruiser CVS CVS.

Seaplane carrier Seaplane carrier CL.

Light cruiser Light cruiser DD DD.

Destroyer Destroyer CLAA.

Antiaircraft cruiser Antiaircraft cruiser DMS DMS.

Destroyer-minesweeper Destroyer-minesweeper CV.

Aircraft carrier Aircraft carrier PT PT.

Patrol torpedo boat Patrol torpedo boat

NAVAL BATTLES OF.

THE GUADALCa.n.a.l CAMPAIGN.

AUGUST 9, 1942.

The Battle of Savo Island Allied losses: heavy cruisers heavy cruisers Vincennes, Quincy, Astoria, Vincennes, Quincy, Astoria, HMAS HMAS Canberra Canberra sunk; heavy cruiser sunk; heavy cruiser Chicago, Chicago, destroyers destroyers Patterson Patterson and and Ralph Talbot Ralph Talbot damaged damagedj.a.panese losses: heavy cruisers heavy cruisers Chokai Chokai and and Aoba Aoba damaged damagedAllied KIA: 1,077 AUGUST 24.

The Battle of the Eastern Solomons U.S. losses: carrier carrier Enterprise Enterprise damaged damagedj.a.panese losses: light carrier light carrier Ryujo Ryujo sunk; light cruiser sunk; light cruiser Jintsu Jintsu damaged damagedU.S. KIA: 38 OCTOBER 11.

The Battle of Cape Esperance U.S. losses: destroyer destroyer Duncan Duncan sunk; heavy cruiser sunk; heavy cruiser Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, light cruiser light cruiser Boise, Boise, and destroyer and destroyer Farenholt Farenholt damaged damagedj.a.panese losses: heavy cruiser heavy cruiser Furutaka, Furutaka, destroyers destroyers Fubuki, Murak.u.mo, Fubuki, Murak.u.mo, and and Natsugumo Natsugumo sunk; heavy cruiser sunk; heavy cruiser Aoba Aoba damaged damagedU.S. KIA: 163 OCTOBER 25.

The Battle of Santa Cruz U.S. losses: carrier carrier Hornet, Hornet, destroyer destroyer Porter Porter sunk; carrier sunk; carrier Enterprise, Enterprise, battleship battleship South Dakota, South Dakota, heavy cruiser heavy cruiser Portland, Portland, AA cruiser AA cruiser San Juan, San Juan, destroyers destroyers Smith, Hughes, Smith, Hughes, and and Porter Porter damaged damagedj.a.panese losses: carriers carriers Shokaku, Zuiho, Shokaku, Zuiho, cruiser cruiser Chik.u.ma, Chik.u.ma, and four destroyers damaged and four destroyers damagedU.S. KIA: 262 NOVEMBER 13.

Cruiser Night Action (First Naval Battle of Guadalca.n.a.l) U.S. losses: AA cruiser AA cruiser Atlanta, Atlanta, destroyers destroyers Cushing, Laffey, Barton, Cushing, Laffey, Barton, and and Monssen Monssen sunk; heavy cruisers sunk; heavy cruisers San Francisco San Francisco and and Portland Portland and destroyers and destroyers Aaron Ward Aaron Ward and and Sterett Sterett damaged; AA cruiser damaged; AA cruiser Juneau Juneau damaged and later sunk damaged and later sunkj.a.panese losses: battleship battleship Hiei, Hiei, destroyers destroyers Akatsuki Akatsuki and and Yudachi Yudachi sunk; three destroyers damaged sunk; three destroyers damagedU.S. KIA: 1,439 NOVEMBER 1415 Battleship Night Action (Second Naval Battle of Guadalca.n.a.l) U.S. losses: destroyers destroyers Walke, Preston, Walke, Preston, and and Benham Benham sunk; battleship sunk; battleship South Dakota South Dakota and destroyer and destroyer Gwin Gwin damaged damagedj.a.panese losses: battleship battleship Kirishima, Kirishima, destroyer destroyer Ayanami Ayanami sunk; heavy cruiser sunk; heavy cruiser Atago Atago damaged damagedU.S. KIA: 242 NOVEMBER 30.

The Battle of Ta.s.safaronga U.S. losses: heavy cruiser heavy cruiser Northampton Northampton sunk; cruisers sunk; cruisers Minneapolis, New Orleans, Minneapolis, New Orleans, and and Pensacola Pensacola damaged damagedj.a.panese losses: destroyer destroyer Takanami Takanami sunk sunkU.S. KIA: 395

TOTAL NAVAL LOSSES AT GUADALCa.n.a.l.

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SOURCE NOTES.

Unless otherwise indicated, all times mentioned in the narrative are local time on Guadalca.n.a.l, or GMT11. American reports use three times zones variously, GMT, GMT11, and GMT12, which was local time in Fiji and New Zealand. j.a.panese reports use Tokyo time (GMT9).

Note that 12 noon Greenwich Mean Time is 11 p.m. local (GMT11) and midnight GMT12.

Prologue: Eighty-two Ships Eighty-two Ships Battle lessons: USS USS Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, "Report of Action of USS "Report of Action of USS Salt Lake City Salt Lake City Against j.a.panese Surface Naval Units, Night of October 1112, 1942, Off Savo Island, Solomon Islands," 26; COMINCH, "Battle Experience, October 1942," 2028. Against j.a.panese Surface Naval Units, Night of October 1112, 1942, Off Savo Island, Solomon Islands," 26; COMINCH, "Battle Experience, October 1942," 2028. "They will live a long time": "They will live a long time": Michener, Michener, Tales of the South Pacific, Tales of the South Pacific, 3. 3.

PART I:.

Sea of Troubles 1: Trip Wire Trip Wire "The Pacific: Of itself": Courtney, "We Must Win the Pacific," 67. Courtney, "We Must Win the Pacific," 67. Martin Clemens on Guadalca.n.a.l: Martin Clemens on Guadalca.n.a.l: Lord, Lord, Lonely Vigil, Lonely Vigil, 2223. 2223. "If I lose control": "If I lose control": Sears, "A Coast.w.a.tcher's Diary." Sears, "A Coast.w.a.tcher's Diary." Pacific strategy: Pacific strategy: Stoler, Stoler, Allies in War, Allies in War, 79. 79. "The air is saturated": "The air is saturated": London, "The Terrible Solomons," 78. London, "The Terrible Solomons," 78. Geography of southern Solomons Geography of southern Solomons, Commander, Naval Base Guadalca.n.a.l, "History of U.S. Naval Advanced Base Guadalca.n.a.l, 19421945," 19; Soule, Shooting the Pacific War, Shooting the Pacific War, 5253. 5253. Characterization of Nimitz: Characterization of Nimitz: Ernest Eller, quoted in Elarco Productions, Ernest Eller, quoted in Elarco Productions, The Nimitz Story. The Nimitz Story. "Tell Nimitz": "Tell Nimitz": Potter, Potter, Nimitz, Nimitz, 11. 11. "An unshared front": "An unshared front": Courtney, "We Must Win the Pacific," 15. Courtney, "We Must Win the Pacific," 15. "One of the few people I know": "One of the few people I know": Larrabee, Larrabee, Commander in chief, Commander in chief, 389. 389. "Go back and vote": "Go back and vote": Potter, Potter, Nimitz, Nimitz, 10. 10. "You always wanted to command": "You always wanted to command": Ibid., 1112. Ibid., 1112. "Subconsciously he sought": "Subconsciously he sought": Buell, Buell, Master of Sea Power, Master of Sea Power, 11. 11. "Sometimes my bark": "Sometimes my bark": Glover, Glover, Command Performance with Guts, Command Performance with Guts, 34. 34. King's view of Fletcher: King's view of Fletcher: Butcher, "Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher," 73. Butcher, "Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher," 73. "Undoubtedly these acts": "Undoubtedly these acts": King, "Target Practice on Whales and Other Marine Mammals," 1. King, "Target Practice on Whales and Other Marine Mammals," 1. "His greatest weakness": "His greatest weakness": Baldwin, "Confidential Notes," January 25, 1944. Baldwin, "Confidential Notes," January 25, 1944. "So tough he shaved": "So tough he shaved": Graybar, "Admiral King's Toughest Battle," 39. Graybar, "Admiral King's Toughest Battle," 39. "One thing that might help": "One thing that might help": Ferrell, Ferrell, The Eisenhower Diaries, The Eisenhower Diaries, 48, 50. 48, 50. "If only I could keep him tight": "If only I could keep him tight": Larrabee, Larrabee, Commander in Chief, Commander in Chief, 356. 356. "You are requested to read": "You are requested to read": Buell, Buell, Master, Master, 177. 177. "I will be lucky to last six months": "I will be lucky to last six months": Nimitz to Mrs. Nimitz, March 22, 1942. Nimitz to Mrs. Nimitz, March 22, 1942. "It must be constantly reiterated": "It must be constantly reiterated": Stoler, Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, Allies and Adversaries, 78. 78. "The whole question of whether": "The whole question of whether": Ibid., 85. Ibid., 85. "I sent an order to Admiral Nimitz": "I sent an order to Admiral Nimitz": King to Edson, September 29, 1949, 2. King to Edson, September 29, 1949, 2. "We would nowhere be acting": "We would nowhere be acting": Stoler, Stoler, Allies, Allies, 82. 82. "We should turn to the Pacific": "We should turn to the Pacific": Ibid. Ibid. "Stop the enemy": "Stop the enemy": King to Edson, September 29, 1949, 24. King to Edson, September 29, 1949, 24. "Turn our backs": "Turn our backs": Stoler, Stoler, Allies, Allies, 82. 82. "A lot of islands": "A lot of islands": Ibid., 85. Ibid., 85. "We failed to see": "We failed to see": Buell, Buell, Master, Master, 192. 192. "Congressmen are receiving": "Congressmen are receiving": Newsweek, Newsweek, "The Periscope" (column), January 12, 1942, 7. "The Periscope" (column), January 12, 1942, 7. "King's war is": "King's war is": Stoler, Stoler, Allies, Allies, 88. 88.

2: A Great Gray Fleet A Great Gray Fleet "On calm days": Graff, "World War II Writings, Doc.u.ment 7." Graff, "World War II Writings, Doc.u.ment 7." Launching of Launching of Atlanta: Atlanta: Leavelle, "The Log of the Mighty A," March 24, 1943; Mustin interview, 184185. Leavelle, "The Log of the Mighty A," March 24, 1943; Mustin interview, 184185. "With the same pride": "With the same pride": Leavelle, "The Log," March 24, 1942. Leavelle, "The Log," March 24, 1942. Atlanta Atlanta's radars: radars: Mustin interview, 453459. Mustin interview, 453459. "A rather dull tableau": "A rather dull tableau": Leavelle, "The Log," March 25, 1943. Leavelle, "The Log," March 25, 1943. "To my artist's eye" "To my artist's eye" and and "a glorious hoax": "a glorious hoax": Shaw, Shaw, Beside Me Still, Beside Me Still, 8182. 8182. "I think the answer": "I think the answer": Ibid., 97. Ibid., 97. "What he jammed": "What he jammed": Vandegrift, Vandegrift, Once a Marine, Once a Marine, 18. 18. "Absolutely essential to stop" "Absolutely essential to stop" and and "King's reiteration of": "King's reiteration of": King, King, Fleet Admiral King, Fleet Admiral King, 388. 388. "Must be conducted": "Must be conducted": Ibid, 387. Ibid, 387. Boundary between SOPAC AND SOWEs.p.a.c: Boundary between SOPAC AND SOWEs.p.a.c: COMINCH to CINCPAC, July 3, 1942 (0221). COMINCH to CINCPAC, July 3, 1942 (0221). "Three weeks ago": "Three weeks ago": Buell, Buell, Master of Sea Power, Master of Sea Power, 203. 203. Repair of Task Force 1: Repair of Task Force 1: Fuquea, "Task Force One," 709714. Fuquea, "Task Force One," 709714. Fuel usage: Fuel usage: Ibid., 716717. Ibid., 716717. "We're up against a navy": "We're up against a navy": Mustin diary, May 14, 1942. Mustin diary, May 14, 1942. "What in the world": "What in the world": Weaver, "Some Reminiscences of the Pacific War." Weaver, "Some Reminiscences of the Pacific War." "The knowledge of the geography": "The knowledge of the geography": Ghormley, "The Tide Turns," 1. Ghormley, "The Tide Turns," 1. "Since my arrival": "Since my arrival": Ghormley to Frank Knox, October 11, 1940, Ghormley Papers. Ghormley to Frank Knox, October 11, 1940, Ghormley Papers. "Every day I was in London": "Every day I was in London": Ghormley, "The Tide," 3. Ghormley, "The Tide," 3. "Dissatisfied, proud, grasping": "Dissatisfied, proud, grasping": Ibid., 67. Ibid., 67. "Robinson Crusoe should be required": "Robinson Crusoe should be required": Gardner interview, 2. Gardner interview, 2.

3: The First D-Day The First D-Day "We kept very quiet": Kinkaid, Kinkaid, Four Years of War, Four Years of War, 192194. 192194. "We were conscious of": "We were conscious of": Tregaskis, Tregaskis, Guadalca.n.a.l Diary, Guadalca.n.a.l Diary, 8. 8. "Loose talk is a stupid habit": "Loose talk is a stupid habit": Ghormley to SOPAC command, "Disclosure of Information," 1. Ghormley to SOPAC command, "Disclosure of Information," 1. "I have smiled many times": "I have smiled many times": Soule, Soule, Shooting the Pacific War, Shooting the Pacific War, 44. 44. Changes to j.a.panese code groups: Changes to j.a.panese code groups: Showers, speech, Nimitz Symposium 2007; Frank, Showers, speech, Nimitz Symposium 2007; Frank, Guadalca.n.a.l, Guadalca.n.a.l, 3841. 3841. "I informed him": "I informed him": Ghormley, "The Tide Turns," 100101. Ghormley, "The Tide Turns," 100101. "I had experienced": "I had experienced": Jones, Jones, The USS, The USS, Astoria Astoria (CA-34) and the Men Who Sailed Her, (CA-34) and the Men Who Sailed Her, 30. 30. "Monday, Monday, Tuesday": "Monday, Monday, Tuesday": Hirama, "j.a.panese Naval Preparations," 66. Hirama, "j.a.panese Naval Preparations," 66. "I never could figure out": "I never could figure out": Custer, Custer, Through the Perilous Night, Through the Perilous Night, 94. 94. "You will be governed": "You will be governed": Nimitz quoted in Hoyt, Nimitz quoted in Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, How They Won the War in the Pacific, 94. 94. Invasion rehearsals in 1939: Invasion rehearsals in 1939: Larrabee, Larrabee, Commander in Chief, Commander in Chief, 178. 178. "I saw that its sh.o.r.e": "I saw that its sh.o.r.e": Bennink, narrative, 2. Bennink, narrative, 2. "From an intelligence point of view": "From an intelligence point of view": Hough, Hough, History of U.S. Marine Corps, History of U.S. Marine Corps, 242243. 242243. "Some of us were": "Some of us were": Kinkaid, Kinkaid, Four Years, Four Years, 207. 207. "Neither sharp nor perspicacious": "Neither sharp nor perspicacious": Loxton, Loxton, The Shame of Savo, The Shame of Savo, 18. 18. Carrier air support controversy: Carrier air support controversy: Lundstrom, Lundstrom, Black Shoe Carrier Admiral, Black Shoe Carrier Admiral, 333337; Turner to Hepburn, "Answers to Questionnaire," 6. 333337; Turner to Hepburn, "Answers to Questionnaire," 6. "My Dutch blood": "My Dutch blood": Vandegrift, Vandegrift, Once a Marine, Once a Marine, 120. Richard Frank, annotation to author's draft ms., April 12, 2010; see also Lundstrom, 120. Richard Frank, annotation to author's draft ms., April 12, 2010; see also Lundstrom, Black Shoe Carrier Admiral, Black Shoe Carrier Admiral, 373374: "Fletcher envisioned another grim carrier battle soon.... Hindsight has obliterated the validity of Fletcher's prudence." 373374: "Fletcher envisioned another grim carrier battle soon.... Hindsight has obliterated the validity of Fletcher's prudence." "Who is closely acquainted": "Who is closely acquainted": Turner to King, "Strategic Deployment," 3. Turner to King, "Strategic Deployment," 3. "You son of a b.i.t.c.h": "You son of a b.i.t.c.h": Loxton, Loxton, The Shame of Savo, The Shame of Savo, 71; Lundstrom, 71; Lundstrom, Black Shoe, Black Shoe, 336. 336. "I sent Dan Callaghan": "I sent Dan Callaghan": Ghormley to Nimitz, July 29, 1942, 3. Ghormley to Nimitz, July 29, 1942, 3. "At first there was a mast": "At first there was a mast": Calhoun, Calhoun, Tin Can Sailor, Tin Can Sailor, 51. 51. Early U.S. South Pacific strategy: Early U.S. South Pacific strategy: Braisted, Braisted, The United States Navy in the Pacific, 19091922, The United States Navy in the Pacific, 19091922, 522523; SOPAC, "South Pacific Strategy," 78. 522523; SOPAC, "South Pacific Strategy," 78. Logistics: Logistics: Ghormley, "The Tide Turns," 62. Ghormley, "The Tide Turns," 62. "Pounded flat into baked mud": "Pounded flat into baked mud": Crenshaw, Crenshaw, South Pacific Destroyer, South Pacific Destroyer, 43. 43. "Almost every French civilian": "Almost every French civilian": SOPAC, "South Pacific Strategy," 10. SOPAC, "South Pacific Strategy," 10. "The war in our area": "The war in our area": Ghormley to McCain, May 19, 1942, 3. Ghormley to McCain, May 19, 1942, 3. "I think our actual deficiencies": "I think our actual deficiencies": Ghormley to Nimitz, July 29, 1942, 23. Ghormley to Nimitz, July 29, 1942, 23. "If an enemy lay beyond": "If an enemy lay beyond": Hough, Hough, History, History, 45. 45. "G.o.d was with us": "G.o.d was with us": Smoot interview, 92. Smoot interview, 92. "Vague, black and shapeless": "Vague, black and shapeless": Custer, Custer, Through, Through, 104. 104. "Like a purple lump": "Like a purple lump": Kittredge, unt.i.tled narrative, 11. Kittredge, unt.i.tled narrative, 11. "What the h.e.l.l": "What the h.e.l.l": Custer, Custer, Through, Through, 104. 104. "All hands man your battle stations" "All hands man your battle stations" and and disposition of cruiser screen: disposition of cruiser screen: Crutchley, "Operation Watchtower," 1112 (Hepburn Report Annex, 65). Crutchley, "Operation Watchtower," 1112 (Hepburn Report Annex, 65). "The pervasive mud": "The pervasive mud": Jones, Jones, WW2, WW2, 48. 48. "Amazing panorama": "Amazing panorama": Lord, Lord, Lonely Vigil, Lonely Vigil, 40. 40. "U "UNDER INFORMATION YOU PLAN": Ghormley to Fletcher, August 2, 1942 (0240). "Enemy strength is overwhelming": "Enemy strength is overwhelming": McGee, McGee, The Solomons Campaigns, The Solomons Campaigns, vol. 2, 30. vol. 2, 30. Lieutenant Snell's flag: Lieutenant Snell's flag: Bureau of Naval Personnel, Bureau of Naval Personnel, Information Bulletin, Information Bulletin, September 1942, 60. September 1942, 60.

4: Nothing Worthy of Your Majesty's Attention Nothing Worthy of Your Majesty's Attention "It is nothing worthy": Hara, Hara, j.a.panese Destroyer Captain, j.a.panese Destroyer Captain, 104. 104. j.a.panese reaction to landings: j.a.panese reaction to landings: Ohmae, "The Battle of Savo Island," 12601267; Ugaki, Ohmae, "The Battle of Savo Island," 12601267; Ugaki, Fading Victory, Fading Victory, 177. 177. "Absolutely no concern with the Solomons": "Absolutely no concern with the Solomons": Ohmae, "The Battle," 1267. Ohmae, "The Battle," 1267. j.a.panese intelligence deficiencies: j.a.panese intelligence deficiencies: Kotani, Kotani, j.a.panese Intelligence in World War II, j.a.panese Intelligence in World War II, 155, 161162. 155, 161162. "Magnificent curtain": "Magnificent curtain": Commander, Task Group 62.6 "Operation Watchtower-the Capture and Occupation by United Nations Forces of Tulagi and Guadalca.n.a.l," 18. Commander, Task Group 62.6 "Operation Watchtower-the Capture and Occupation by United Nations Forces of Tulagi and Guadalca.n.a.l," 18. Be it ever so humble Be it ever so humble..."How can you beat": Custer, Custer, Through the Perilous Night, Through the Perilous Night, 123. 123. "Either these are Army pilots": "Either these are Army pilots": Ibid., 118. Ibid., 118. "How do you like that": "How do you like that": Ibid., 121122. Ibid., 121122.

5: Fly the Carriers Fly the Carriers "Whenever he became disgusted": Jones, Jones, The USS The USS Astoria Astoria (CA-34) and the Men Who Sailed Her, (CA-34) and the Men Who Sailed Her, 48. 48. "I have seen him 'blow up'": "I have seen him 'blow up'": Dyer, Dyer, The Amphibians Came to Conquer, The Amphibians Came to Conquer, 11651166. 11651166. "After dark, conditions" "After dark, conditions" and and "No small share" "No small share" and and "a failure on": "a failure on": McGee, McGee, The Amphibians Are Coming! The Amphibians Are Coming! 1920. 1920. "This was the Koro conference": "This was the Koro conference": Vandegrift, Vandegrift, Once a Marine, Once a Marine, 129. 129. "All knew that the enemy": "All knew that the enemy": Ghormley, "The Tide Turns," 93. During carrier flight operations, speeds of twenty-five knots were necessary, according to Frank Jack Fletcher. ComCruPacFlt, "Preliminary Report-Solomons Islands Operations," September 9, 1942, 3. Ghormley, "The Tide Turns," 93. During carrier flight operations, speeds of twenty-five knots were necessary, according to Frank Jack Fletcher. ComCruPacFlt, "Preliminary Report-Solomons Islands Operations," September 9, 1942, 3. "It is the opinion": "It is the opinion": MacArthur to King, July 8, 1942 (1020). MacArthur to King, July 8, 1942 (1020). "The withdrawal of the naval attached units": "The withdrawal of the naval attached units": King to Nimitz, July 2, 1942 (2154). King to Nimitz, July 2, 1942 (2154). "Marines cannot be dislodged": "Marines cannot be dislodged": Lundstrom, Lundstrom, Black Shoe Carrier Admiral, Black Shoe Carrier Admiral, 383. 383. HMAS HMAS Australia Australia conference: conference: Commander, Task Force 62, War Diary, 4; Kinkaid, Commander, Task Force 62, War Diary, 4; Kinkaid, Four Years of War, Four Years of War, 233. 233.

6: A Captain in the Fog A Captain in the Fog "His officers were scared": Zarker interview. Zarker interview. "He was short and stocky": "He was short and stocky": Backus interview, 9394. Backus interview, 9394. Cruiser engineering performance: Cruiser engineering performance: Fleet Maintenance Office, "Material and Engineering Performance Bulletin, Cruisers, Pacific Fleet," 14. Fleet Maintenance Office, "Material and Engineering Performance Bulletin, Cruisers, Pacific Fleet," 14. "Take charge of patrol": "Take charge of patrol": Crutchley, "Explanatory Memorandum," 9. Crutchley, "Explanatory Memorandum," 9. "Aircraft reports 3 cruisers": "Aircraft reports 3 cruisers": CINCPAC, "Grey Book," August 8, 1942 (1025). CINCPAC, "Grey Book," August 8, 1942 (1025). "We will penetrate south": "We will penetrate south": Ohmae, "The Battle of Savo Island," 12711272. Ohmae, "The Battle of Savo Island," 12711272. "The Eighth Fleet is going": "The Eighth Fleet is going": Ugaki, Ugaki, Fading Victory, Fading Victory, 178. 178. "I was satisfied with arrangements": "I was satisfied with arrangements": Turner to Hepburn, "Answers to Questionnaire" (Hepburn Report Annex, 272). Turner to Hepburn, "Answers to Questionnaire" (Hepburn Report Annex, 272). "Warning-warning-plane": "Warning-warning-plane": USS USS Ralph Talbot, Ralph Talbot, "Preliminary Report of Action," 1. "Preliminary Report of Action," 1. Errors by USS Errors by USS Blue Blue and and Chicago: Chicago: LaCouture interview, 22; Bode, "Memorandum for Admiral Hepburn," 23; Zarker interview: "The [ LaCouture interview, 22; Bode, "Memorandum for Admiral Hepburn," 23; Zarker interview: "The [Chicago's] radar officer himself told me this at one of our reunions." "Warning-warning-strange ships": "Warning-warning-strange ships": USS USS Chicago, Chicago, "Action Against Enemy Forces..., " 2; USS "Action Against Enemy Forces..., " 2; USS Astoria, Astoria, Statement of Lt. Cdr. J. R. Topper, 1 (Hepburn Report Annex, 535). Statement of Lt. Cdr. J. R. Topper, 1 (Hepburn Report Annex, 535). "A good course": "A good course": Bode to Hepburn, April 8, 1943, 2 (Hepburn Report Annex, 303). Bode to Hepburn, April 8, 1943, 2 (Hepburn Report Annex, 303). Damage to HMAS Damage to HMAS Canberra: Canberra: HMAS HMAS Canberra, Canberra, Executive Officer's Report, August 12, 1943, 12 (Hepburn Report Annex, 337338). Executive Officer's Report, August 12, 1943, 12 (Hepburn Report Annex, 337338).

7: The Martyring of Task Group 62.6 The Martyring of Task Group 62.6 Nimitz "ultra secret" warnings: Nimitz to Task Force Commanders, August 6, 1942 (2336) (Hepburn Report Annex, 670). Nimitz to Task Force Commanders, August 6, 1942 (2336) (Hepburn Report Annex, 670). Turner's instructions to Crutchley: Turner's instructions to Crutchley: Turner to Crutchley, August 8, 1942 (1920) (Hepburn Report Annex, 677). Turner to Crutchley, August 8, 1942 (1920) (Hepburn Report Annex, 677). "The search radar was operating": "The search radar was operating": USS USS Quincy, Quincy, "Preliminary Report," 2. "Preliminary Report," 2. "The more I insisted" "The more I insisted" and and "The OOD and the": "The OOD and the": Jones, Jones, The USS The USS Astoria Astoria (CA-34) and the Men Who Sailed Her, (CA-34) and the Men Who Sailed Her, 115116. 115116. "Great display of light": "Great display of light": USS USS Vincennes, Vincennes, "Report of Action Between" (Hepburn Report Annex, 399400). "Report of Action Between" (Hepburn Report Annex, 399400). "I didn't know": "I didn't know": Jones, Jones, The USS The USS Astoria, 179. Astoria, 179. Explosions mistaken for depth charges: Explosions mistaken for depth charges: USS USS Astoria, Astoria, "Battle of Savo Island," 13 (Hepburn Report Annex, 488). "Battle of Savo Island," 13 (Hepburn Report Annex, 488). Contact between j.a.panese and U.S. ships: Contact between j.a.panese and U.S. ships: Bates and Innis, "The Battle of Savo Island," 152. Bates and Innis, "The Battle of Savo Island," 152. "Action port! Load": "Action port! Load": Statement of M. Dunkleberger, in USS Statement of M. Dunkleberger, in USS Astoria, Astoria, "Statements of Surviving Personnel" (Hepburn Report Annex, 581). "Statements of Surviving Personnel" (Hepburn Report Annex, 581). "Fire every d.a.m.n thing you got!" "Fire every d.a.m.n thing you got!" Statement of L. F. Hager, in USS Statement of L. F. Hager, in USS Astoria, Astoria, "Statements," (Hepburn Report Annex, 596). "Statements," (Hepburn Report Annex, 596). "Who sounded the general alarm?": "Who sounded the general alarm?": Donald A. Yeamans, in Jones, Donald A. Yeamans, in Jones, The USS The USS Astoria. Astoria. "It was there.... I was suddenly cool": "It was there.... I was suddenly cool": Custer, Custer, Through the Perilous Night, Through the Perilous Night, 125. 125. "Surprised to see": "Surprised to see": Lt. Jack Gibson, in Jones, Lt. Jack Gibson, in Jones, The USS The USS Astoria, 131. Astoria, 131. "A stupid set up": "A stupid set up": Eldred E. Bloodworth, in Jones, Eldred E. Bloodworth, in Jones, The USS The USS Astoria, 100101. Astoria, 100101. "The "The Astoria Astoria was shuddering" was shuddering" and and "One more crossing": "One more crossing": Lt. Jack Gibson, in Jones, Lt. Jack Gibson, in Jones, The USS The USS Astoria, 131132. Astoria, 131132. Flammable conditions on cruisers: Flammable conditions on cruisers: COMINCH, "Battle Experience, September 1942," 1115; Bureau of Ships, "USS COMINCH, "Battle Experience, September 1942," 1115; Bureau of Ships, "USS Quincy, Quincy, USS USS Astoria Astoria and USS and USS Vincennes, Vincennes, Report of Loss in Action," 18; Akers interview, 1. Report of Loss in Action," 18; Akers interview, 1. "In a few minutes": "In a few minutes": Custer, Custer, Through, Through, 132135. 132135. "An ideal torpedoman": "An ideal torpedoman": Tanaka, "j.a.pan's Losing Struggle for Guadalca.n.a.l," part 1, 698. Tanaka, "j.a.pan's Losing Struggle for Guadalca.n.a.l," part 1, 698. "There were explosions everywhere": "There were explosions everywhere": Ohmae, "The Battle of Savo Island," 1275. Ohmae, "The Battle of Savo Island," 1275. "Times in the above narrative": "Times in the above narrative": Hepburn, "Report of Informal Inquiry," 16. Hepburn, "Report of Informal Inquiry," 16. "There are men" "There are men" and and "blown clear through" "blown clear through" and and "I sat there and listened": "I sat there and listened": Jones, Jones, The USS The USS Astoria, 9495. Astoria, 9495. "A roar like an express train": "A roar like an express train": Ibid., 132. Ibid., 132. "An overtone of m.u.f.fled sounds": "An overtone of m.u.f.fled sounds": Custer, Custer, Through, Through, 126. 126. "A crushing explosion...Look out for my leg": "A crushing explosion...Look out for my leg": Ibid., 132135. Ibid., 132135. "In flashes of light": "In flashes of light": Jones, Jones, The USS The USS Astoria, 132. Astoria, 132. "Steel piercing steel": "Steel piercing steel": Ibid., 103. Ibid., 103. "A shambles": "A shambles": USS USS Quincy, Quincy, "Report of the Engagement," 8. "Report of the Engagement," 8. "I found it in a shambles": "I found it in a shambles": Ibid., 2 (Hepburn Annex, 442). Ibid., 2 (Hepburn Annex, 442). "Gas jetted high": "Gas jetted high": Jones, Jones, The USS The USS Astoria, 120, quoting article in Astoria, 120, quoting article in The Daily Astorian The Daily Astorian from August 6, 1981. from August 6, 1981. "Our ship was blazing": "Our ship was blazing": Robert H. Atchinson, in Jones, Robert H. Atchinson, in Jones, The USS The USS Astoria, 98. Astoria, 98. "All communications were shot away": "All communications were shot away": Jones, Jones, The USS The USS Astoria, 132133. Astoria, 132133. "He could not have been more": "He could not have been more": Ibid., 146. Ibid., 146. "We sat there while the fire roared": "We sat there while the fire roared": Ibid., 133. Ibid., 133. "One of our crew": "One of our crew": Ibid., 105. Ibid., 105. Damage control on Damage control on Astoria: Astoria: USS USS Astoria, Astoria, Statement of Lt. Cdr. J. R. Topper, 7 (Hepburn Report Annex, 541). Statement of Lt. Cdr. J. R. Topper, 7 (Hepburn Report Annex, 541). "Hey, man, I just made chief": "Hey, man, I just made chief": Jones, Jones, The USS The USS Astoria, 105106. Astoria, 105106.

8: Burning in the Rain Burning in the Rain "Report situation.... Chicago south of Savo": HMAS HMAS Australia, Australia, "Night Action Off Savo," 2. "Night Action Off Savo," 2. "Its searing light revealed": "Its searing light revealed": Soule, Soule, Shooting the Pacific War, Shooting the Pacific War, 3. 3. "Huge b.a.l.l.s of red fire": "Huge b.a.l.l.s of red fire": Custer, Custer, Through the Perilous Night, Through the Perilous Night, 166167. 166167. "Out all lights": "Out all lights": HMAS HMAS Canberra, Canberra, Engineer's Preliminary Report, 3. Engineer's Preliminary Report, 3. "I was greatly impressed": "I was greatly impressed": Ohmae, "The Battle of Savo Island," 1278. Ohmae, "The Battle of Savo Island," 1278. "To remain in the area by sunrise": "To remain in the area by sunrise": Ibid., 1276. Ibid., 1276. "We were all shocked": "We were all shocked": Ibid., 1275. Ibid., 1275. "He was everywhere": "He was everywhere": Custer, Custer, Through, Through, 160. 160. "Men naturally responded": "Men naturally responded": USS USS Astoria, Astoria, Report of Engineering Department, 22. Report of Engineering Department, 22. "The rescue of these three men": "The rescue of these three men": USS USS Astoria, Astoria, "Executive Officer's Memorandum," 4. "Executive Officer's Memorandum," 4. "I stood for a moment": "I stood for a moment": Jones, Jones, The USS The USS Astoria Astoria (CA-34) and the Men Who Sailed Her, (CA-34) and the Men Who Sailed Her, 133134. 133134. "Shaking with cold and fright": "Shaking with cold and fright": Ibid., 129130. Ibid., 129130. "Able-bodied men": "Able-bodied men": Custer, Custer, Through, Through, 139. 139. "One of the most horrible sights": "One of the most horrible sights": Jones, Jones, The USS The USS Astoria, 137. Astoria, 137. "Off her slanting side": "Off her slanting side": Custer, Custer, Through, Through, 142. 142. "The day was beautiful": "The day was beautiful": Jones, Jones, The USS The USS Astoria, 189. Astoria, 189. Sinking of Sinking of Astoria: Astoria: USS USS Astoria, Astoria, "Battle of Savo Island", 712. "Battle of Savo Island", 712. "These were endless hours": "These were endless hours": Ghormley, "The Tide Turns," 104. Ghormley, "The Tide Turns," 104. "Most of them were young kids": "Most of them were young kids": Bennink, narrative, 8. Bennink, narrative, 8. "If the "If the San Juan San Juan had been up there": had been up there": Rivero interview, 125. Rivero interview, 125. "I couldn't help but": "I couldn't help but": Smoot interview, 98. Smoot interview, 98. "Without information except": "Without information except": Kinkaid, Kinkaid, Four Years of War, Four Years of War, 279. 279. "Blackest day of the whole war": "Blackest day of the whole war": Lundstrom, Lundstrom, Black Shoe Carrier Admiral, Black Shoe Carrier Admiral, 398. 398. U.S. fatalities U.S. fatalities were were Quincy: Quincy: 370, 370, Vincennes: Vincennes: 332, 332, Astoria: Astoria: 216, 216, Canberra: Canberra: 85, 85, Ralph Talbot: Ralph Talbot: 11, 11, Patterson: Patterson: 8, 8, Chicago: Chicago: 2, per Newcomb, 2, per Newcomb, The Battle of Savo Island, The Battle of Savo Island, 257. 257. "Look what we've got here": "Look what we've got here": Custer, Custer, Through, Through, 149150. 149150. "A sound that I felt": "A sound that I felt": Ibid., 169. Ibid., 169. "That body burned in my dreams": "That body burned in my dreams": Jones, Jones, The USS The USS Astoria, 105. Astoria, 105. "When he got to me": "When he got to me": Ibid., 50. Ibid., 50. "Don't you say one word": "Don't you say one word": Powell interview. Powell interview. "The conceited British and Americans": "The conceited British and Americans": Ugaki, Ugaki, Fading Victory, Fading Victory, 181. 181.

PART II:.

Fighting Fleet Rising 9: A New Kind of Fight A New Kind of Fight "We drank a c.o.c.ktail toast": Nimitz to Mrs. Nimitz, August 10, 1942. Nimitz to Mrs. Nimitz, August 10, 1942. "Obsessed with a strong feeling": "Obsessed with a strong feeling": Turner, "Comment on Hepburn Report," 910. Turner, "Comment on Hepburn Report," 910. Air search sectors: Air search sectors: Frank, Frank, Guadalca.n.a.l, Guadalca.n.a.l, 91. 91. "Could not be heard": "Could not be heard": Ghormley to King, "CTF 62 Communications During the Occupation of Tulagi and Guadalca.n.a.l" (Hepburn Report Annex, 644). Ghormley to King, "CTF 62 Communications During the Occupation of Tulagi and Guadalca.n.a.l" (Hepburn Report Annex, 644). "Was completely uninformed": "Was completely uninformed": Task Force 18, War Diary, August 9, 1942. Task Force 18, War Diary, August 9, 1942. "Had timely and accurate information": "Had timely and accurate information": Kinkaid, Kinkaid, Four Years of War, Four Years of War, 284. 284. "The way these carriers operate": "The way these carriers operate": Mustin diary, August 8. Mustin diary, August 8. "Was always trying" "Was always trying" and and "Three times during the night": "Three times during the night": Weschler interview, 88. Weschler interview, 88. "We had to be very careful": "We had to be very careful": Wylie, NWC interview, 5859. Wylie, NWC interview, 5859. "I can take any dumb son": "I can take any dumb son": Wylie, USNI interview, 28. Wylie, USNI interview, 28. "Hey, Cap'n": "Hey, Cap'n": Wylie, NWC interview, 66. Wylie, NWC interview, 66. "They were highly motivated": "They were highly motivated": Ibid., 60. Ibid., 60. "The moon rose": "The moon rose": Soule, Soule, Shooting the Pacific War, Shooting the Pacific War, 37. 37. "The Nation has pa.s.sed through": "The Nation has pa.s.sed through": Bureau of Navigation Bulletin, Bureau of Navigation Bulletin, "Information for Naval Personnel," February 1, 1942, 28. "Information for Naval Personnel," February 1, 1942, 28. Navy muster rolls statistics: Navy muster rolls statistics: COMINCH, COMINCH, First Official Report to the Secretary of the Navy, First Official Report to the Secretary of the Navy, March 1, 1944, 494. March 1, 1944, 494. "They go to war because": "They go to war because": Hynes, quoted in Hynes, quoted in The War, The War, episode 1, first broadcast on PBS, September 23, 2007. episode 1, first broadcast on PBS, September 23, 2007. "I thought I was in a forest" "I thought I was in a forest" and and "Well, this doesn't make": "Well, this doesn't make": Hagen, Nimitz interview, 35, 2526. Hagen, Nimitz interview, 35, 2526. "As a bunch": "As a bunch": George T. Sullivan, undated letter, on display, NMPW. George T. Sullivan, undated letter, on display, NMPW. Sullivan brothers' early life: Sullivan brothers' early life: Satterfield, Satterfield, We Band of Brothers, We Band of Brothers, 2329; a.s.sociated Press, "Five Iowa Brothers," 10. 2329; a.s.sociated Press, "Five Iowa Brothers," 10. "I guess our minds are made up": "I guess our minds are made up": Satterfield, Satterfield, We Band, We Band, 55. 55. "Magic box": "Magic box": Brown, Brown, A Radar History of WWII, A Radar History of WWII, 248. 248. "There wasn't any real training": "There wasn't any real training": Rivero interview, 104. Rivero interview, 104. "A narrow man" "A narrow man" and and "Our flag officers": "Our flag officers": Baldwin, "The Naval Defense of America," 454455. Baldwin, "The Naval Defense of America," 454455. "Neither I nor": "Neither I nor": Turner, "Comment on Hepburn Report," 78. Turner, "Comment on Hepburn Report," 78. Operation of SG and SC radar: Operation of SG and SC radar: Brown, Brown, A Radar History of WW II, A Radar History of WW II, 237, 248. 237, 248. Radar in the Radar in the Aaron Ward: Aaron Ward: Hagen 7, 10; Hagen, Nimitz interview, 67. Hagen 7, 10; Hagen, Nimitz interview, 67. "It is to be hoped that": "It is to be hoped that": COMINCH, "Battle Experience: August and September 1942," 11-1011-11. COMINCH, "Battle Experience: August and September 1942," 11-1011-11. "The war has been variously termed": "The war has been variously termed": Commander, Naval Base Guadalca.n.a.l, "History of U.S. Naval Advanced Base Guadalca.n.a.l," 137. Commander, Naval Base Guadalca.n.a.l, "History of U.S. Naval Advanced Base Guadalca.n.a.l," 137. Preparation of Espiritu Santo: Preparation of Espiritu Santo: Gardner interview, 2; Ghormley to King, "Advance Bases, South Pacific Area." Gardner interview, 2; Ghormley to King, "Advance Bases, South Pacific Area." "A gleam in Ghormley's eye": "A gleam in Ghormley's eye": Dyer, Dyer, The Amphibians Came to Conquer, The Amphibians Came to Conquer, 257. 257. "It was dry": "It was dry": Eller interview, 578579. Eller interview, 578579. "There is going to be a": "There is going to be a": Mustin diary, August 13. Mustin diary, August 13. "They're so G.o.dd.a.m.ned scared": "They're so G.o.dd.a.m.ned scared": Ibid., August 9. Ibid., August 9. "I wish to G.o.d": "I wish to G.o.d": Ibid., August 11. Ibid., August 11. "All their fleet": "All their fleet": Baldwin, "The Naval Defense of America," 455456. Baldwin, "The Naval Defense of America," 455456. "Our planes had come": "Our planes had come": Larrabee, Larrabee, Commander in Chief, Commander in Chief, 281. 281. "That night we went to bed": "That night we went to bed": Soule, Soule, Shooting, Shooting, 81. 81.

10: The Tokyo Express The Tokyo Express "Our real enemy is Germany" and and "We have gained": "We have gained": Sherwood, Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 622. 622. "Foresaw grave difficulties": "Foresaw grave difficulties": Tanaka, "j.a.pan's Losing Struggle for Guadalca.n.a.l," part 1, 687, 690. Tanaka, "j.a.pan's Losing Struggle for Guadalca.n.a.l," part 1, 687, 690. Combat on Guadalca.n.a.l: Combat on Guadalca.n.a.l: Reeder, Reeder, Fighting on Guadalca.n.a.l, Fighting on Guadalca.n.a.l, 13; Merillat, 13; Merillat, Guadalca.n.a.l Remembered, Guadalca.n.a.l Remembered, 86. 86. "A housefly's attacking": "A housefly's attacking": Tanaka, "j.a.pan's Losing Struggle," part 1, 691. Tanaka, "j.a.pan's Losing Struggle," part 1, 691. "We watched these awful machines": "We watched these awful machines": Tregaskis, Tregaskis, Guadalca.n.a.l Diary, Guadalca.n.a.l Diary, 125. 125. "We thought it was just": "We thought it was just": Mangrum interview, 2. Mangrum interview, 2.

11: A Function at the Junction A Function at the Junction "Rough guess": Wheeler, Wheeler, Kinkaid, Kinkaid, 252. 252. "Indications point strongly": "Indications point strongly": Quoted in Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, 371. Quoted in Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, 371. "Old "Old Lexington Lexington and and Yorktown Yorktown": Morison, The Struggle for Guadalca.n.a.l, The Struggle for Guadalca.n.a.l, 92. 92. "First ones spotted": "First ones spotted": Mustin diary, August 24, 1942. Mustin diary, August 24, 1942. "Men on other ships": "Men on other ships": Leavelle, "The Log of the Mighty A," March 28, 1943. Leavelle, "The Log of the Mighty A," March 28, 1943. "First plane missed": "First plane missed": Mustin diary, August 24. Mustin diary, August 24. Damage-control efforts on Damage-control efforts on Enterprise: Enterprise: Stafford, Stafford, The Big E, The Big E, 164. 164. "My worst fears": "My worst fears": Tanaka, "j.a.pan's Losing Struggle for Guadalca.n.a.l," part 1, 693694. Tanaka, "j.a.pan's Losing Struggle for Guadalca.n.a.l," part 1, 693694. "Everyone is withdrawing but the Marines": "Everyone is withdrawing but the Marines": Merillat, Merillat, Guadalca.n.a.l Remembered, Guadalca.n.a.l Remembered, 114. 114. "Consider situation critical": "Consider situation critical": Ghormley to Nimitz, August 25, 1942 (0330). Ghormley to Nimitz, August 25, 1942 (0330). "We have made good start": "We have made good start": Nimitz to King, August 25, 1942 (2241). Nimitz to King, August 25, 1942 (2241). "Until the strength" "Until the strength" and and "For the present": "For the present": Ghormley to Nimitz, August 29, 1942 (0310). On August 30, Vandegrift informed Ghormley that F4Fs were the only planes that could meet j.a.panese bombers effectively at alt.i.tude. He had just eight of them. Ghormley, "The Tide Turns," 18. Ghormley to Nimitz, August 29, 1942 (0310). On August 30, Vandegrift informed Ghormley that F4Fs were the only planes that could meet j.a.panese bombers effectively at alt.i.tude. He had just eight of them. Ghormley, "The Tide Turns," 18. "Surface craft, unless heavily protected": "Surface craft, unless heavily protected": Ghormley to Stark, June 11, 1941. Ghormley to Stark, June 11, 1941. "It is apparent that landing": "It is apparent that landing": Ugaki, Ugaki, Fading Victory, Fading Victory, 193. 193. "Greatest immediate threat to success": "Greatest immediate threat to success": Ghormley to MacArthur, August 25, 1942 (0320). Ghormley to MacArthur, August 25, 1942 (0320). "Perfect failure": "Perfect failure": Ugaki, Ugaki, Fading, Fading, 197. 197. j.a.panese reinforcements: j.a.panese reinforcements: General Headquarters, Far East Command, Monograph No. 98, 1719. General Headquarters, Far East Command, Monograph No. 98, 1719. "Like a house in a severe earthquake": "Like a house in a severe earthquake": Lundstrom, Lundstrom, Black Shoe Carrier Admiral, Black Shoe Carrier Admiral, 471472. 471472. "Sounds like there's a function at the junction": "Sounds like there's a function at the junction": Leavelle, "The Log," March 28, 1943. Leavelle, "The Log," March 28, 1943. "What saved Guadalca.n.a.l": "What saved Guadalca.n.a.l": Merillat, Merillat, Guadalca.n.a.l Remembered, Guadalca.n.a.l Remembered, 112. 112.

12: What They Were Built For What They Were Built For "It seemed we were on the fringe": Barham, Barham, The 228 Days of the United States Destroyer The 228 Days of the United States Destroyer Laffey Laffey (DD-459), (DD-459), 5657. 5657. Cactus Air Force operations: Cactus Air Force operations: Smith interview, 34, 13; Mangrum interview, 910, 14. Smith interview, 34, 13; Mangrum interview, 910, 14. "They come right up": "They come right up": Fike interview, 12. Fike interview, 12. "Certainly the means": "Certainly the means": Ibid., 67. Ibid., 67. "So dumbfounding": "So dumbfounding": Tanaka, "j.a.pan's Losing Struggle for Guadalca.n.a.l," part 1, 696. Tanaka, "j.a.pan's Losing Struggle for Guadalca.n.a.l," part 1, 696. "It was difficult": "It was difficult": Mangrum interview, 910. Mangrum interview, 910. "Let's give Cactus the wherewithal": "Let's give Cactus the wherewithal": Nimitz to King, September 1, 1942 (2331). Nimitz to King, September 1, 1942 (2331). "Appears enemy is building up": "Appears enemy is building up": Vandegrift to Turner, September 1, 1942 (2313). Vandegrift to Turner, September 1, 1942 (2313). "Leaves much to the initiative" "Leaves much to the initiative" and and "Keep in mind that": "Keep in mind that": Ghormley to SOPAC task force commanders, September 9, 1942 (1018). Ghormley to SOPAC task force commanders, September 9, 1942 (1018). "I cling to the fond hope": "I cling to the fond hope": Mustin diary, September 9, 1942. Mustin diary, September 9, 1942. "A tremendous step forward": "A tremendous step forward": Musicant, Musicant, Battleship at War, Battleship at War, 10. 10. "I have to spill this to somebody": "I have to spill this to somebody": Ghormley to Nimitz, September 7, 1942, Ghormley Papers. Ghormley to Nimitz, September 7, 1942, Ghormley Papers. "What could I say" "What could I say" and and "Jim, you've got a bad case": "Jim, you've got a bad case": Albion and Connery, Albion and Connery, Forrestal and the Navy, Forrestal and the Navy, 105106. 105106. "Boys, I've got a surprise": "Boys, I've got a surprise": Halsey, Halsey, Admiral Halsey's Story, Admiral Halsey's Story, 108. 108. "Criticism of basic concepts": "Criticism of basic concepts": Hara, Hara, j.a.panese Destroyer Captain, j.a.panese Destroyer Captain, 119. 119. "Unless Guadalca.n.a.l is settled": "Unless Guadalca.n.a.l is settled": Ugaki, Ugaki, Fading Victory, Fading Victory, 200. 200. "Situation as I view it today": "Situation as I view it today": Ghormley to Nimitz, September 11, 1942 (0516). Ghormley to Nimitz, September 11, 1942 (0516). Battle of Edson's Ridge: Battle of Edson's Ridge: Frank, Frank, Guadalca.n.a.l, Guadalca.n.a.l, 237241. 237241. "Sharks were everywhere": "Sharks were everywhere": Richardson, "My War," unpaginated. Richardson, "My War," unpaginated. "They didn't want anybody to know": "They didn't want anybody to know": Weschler interview, 101102. Weschler interview, 101102. "I guess he and Captain Gatch": "I guess he and Captain Gatch": Backus interview, 133134. Backus interview, 133134.

13: The Warriors The Warriors Norman Scott: U.S. Naval Academy, U.S. Naval Academy, Lucky Bag, Lucky Bag, 1911. 1911. "Made things so miserable": "Made things so miserable": Morison, Morison, The Struggle for Guadalca.n.a.l, The Struggle for Guadalca.n.a.l, 148 n. 148 n. "Kind of like a junior Halse "Kind of like a junior Halsey": Graff interview. Gunnery exercises: Gunnery exercises: Chief of Naval Operations to Commander, Battleships, Battle Force, January 19, 1942; Crenshaw, Chief of Naval Operations to Commander, Battleships, Battle Force, January 19, 1942; Crenshaw, South Pacific Destroyer, South Pacific Destroyer, 3940. 3940. "I did not know, from actual contact": "I did not know, from actual contact": Ghormley, "The Tide Turns," 24. Ghormley, "The Tide Turns," 24. "It was the way": "It was the way": Morris, Morris, The Fightin'est Ship, The Fightin'est Ship, 2425. 2425. "For the next two weeks": "For the next two weeks": Spencer, Spencer, The War Years: h.e.l.lfire and Glory, The War Years: h.e.l.lfire and Glory, 5152. 5152. "The best simulation of action": "The best simulation of action": USS USS Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, "Offset Battle Practice." "Offset Battle Practice." "Outstanding development of the war" "Outstanding development of the war" and and "We are still not getting": "We are still not getting": CINCPAC, "Gunnery Bulletin No. 242," June 6, 1942, 12. CINCPAC, "Gunnery Bulletin No. 242," June 6, 1942, 12. "Quite a lot of technique": "Quite a lot of technique": Mustin interview, 456. Mustin interview, 456. Internal gunnery communications: Internal gunnery communications: USS USS Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, "Report of Action, Night of October 1112, 1942," 18. "Report of Action, Night of October 1112, 1942," 18. "With a sickening "With a sickening thump thump": Spencer, The War Years, The War Years, 53. 53. "In trying to give you an idea": "In trying to give you an idea": Ibid., 52. Ibid., 52. "Quick and slick as precision machinery": "Quick and slick as precision machinery": Morris, Morris, The Fightin'est Ship, The Fightin'est Ship, 23. 23. "He'll be a "He'll be a Helena Helena man": man": Ibid., 2526. Ibid., 2526. "We knew things were going": "We knew things were going": Howe interview, 15. Howe interview, 15. "In his leather jacket": "In his leather jacket": Morris, Morris, The Fightin'est Ship, The Fightin'est Ship, 27. 27. "The "The Helena Helena craved action": craved action": Ibid., 12. Ibid., 12. "We want to be consistent": "We want to be consistent": Ibid., 2. Ibid., 2. "Have you ever heard": "Have you ever heard": Ibid., 1920. Ibid., 1920. "The whole ship is enveloped": "The whole ship is enveloped": Ibid., 2223. Ibid., 2223. "Too short a time to justify": "Too short a time to justify": COMINCH, "Battle Experience: August and September 1942," 144. COMINCH, "Battle Experience: August and September 1942," 144. "His training section was constantly": "His training section was constantly": Eller interview, 565566. Eller interview, 565566. "Had practically lapsed": "Had practically lapsed": Ghormley, "The Tide Turns," 87. Ghormley, "The Tide Turns," 87. "It is continually proved": "It is continually proved": COMINCH, "Battle Experience: August and September 1942," 1225. COMINCH, "Battle Experience: August and September 1942," 1225. "Scott had b.a.l.l.s": "Scott had b.a.l.l.s": Graff interview. Graff interview.

14: The Devil May Care The Devil May Care So this is war: Smoot interview, 95. Smoot interview, 95. Nimitz court-martial: Nimitz court-martial: Hoyt, Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, How They Won the War in the Pacific, 39. 39. "My gunnery officer saw": "My gunnery officer saw": Smoot interview, 95. Smoot interview, 95. "The sky was soon crisscrossed": "The sky was soon crisscrossed": Thomason, quoted at Thomason, quoted at www.destroyerhistory.org/benson-gleavescla.s.s/ussmonssen/thomason_03.html. Smoot and Puller: Smoot and Puller: Smoot interview, 101. When the first rescue boats were taken under heavy fire, a c.o.xswain named Samuel B. Roberts volunteered to serve as a decoy. He steered his small craft directly toward the j.a.panese lines and drew their fire. His initiative was successful, and the marines were evacuated. But as Roberts was about to move beyond range of the enemy guns, his boat was. .h.i.t and he was mortally wounded. Roberts was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross. The destroyer escort USS Smoot interview, 101. When the first rescue boats were taken under heavy fire, a c.o.xswain named Samuel B. Roberts volunteered to serve as a decoy. He steered his small craft directly toward the j.a.panese lines and drew their fire. His initiative was successful, and the marines were evacuated. But as Roberts was about to move beyond range of the enemy guns, his boat was. .h.i.t and he was mortally wounded. Roberts was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross. The destroyer escort USS Samuel B. Roberts Samuel B. Roberts (DE-413) was christened in his honor. For more on that ship and its own epic story, see Hornfischer, (DE-413) was christened in his honor. For more on that ship and its own epic story, see Hornfischer, The Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors. The Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors. "As the first marines appeared": "As the first marines appeared": Thomason, quoted at Thomason, quoted at www.destroyerhistory.org/benson-gleavescla.s.s/ussmonssen/thomason_03.html. Douglas Munro: Douglas Munro: Hough, Hough, History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations I, History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations I, vol. 1. 316317. vol. 1. 316317. "Everything we could do": "Everything we could do": Smoot interview, 101102. Smoot interview, 101102.

15: The Visit The Visit "Today, September is going to pa.s.s": Ugaki, Ugaki, Fading Victory, Fading Victory, 221. 221. Laffey Laffey's stores: USS USS Laffey, Laffey, Deck Log for March 31, 1942. Deck Log for March 31, 1942. "So far removed from the critical area": "So far removed from the critical area": Nimitz to Ghormley, October 8, 1942, Ghormley Papers. Nimitz to Ghormley, October 8, 1942, Ghormley Papers. "We recognized the fact that": "We recognized the fact that": Arnold, Arnold, Global Mission, Global Mission, 322323. 322323. "It was obvious that": "It was obvious that": Ibid., 340342. Ibid., 340342. "I presented the need for aircraft": "I presented the need for aircraft": Ghormley, "The Tide Turns," 126127. Ghormley, "The Tide Turns," 126127. Combined Chiefs of Staff planning: Combined Chiefs of Staff planning: Hayes, Hayes, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II, 183186. 183186. "Under constant pressure": "Under constant pressure": Hoyt, Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, How They Won the War in the Pacific, 151152. 151152. "My G.o.d, what are we going to do": "My G.o.d, what are we going to do": Potter, Potter, Nimitz, Nimitz, 236. 236. "If the j.a.panese desired": "If the j.a.panese desired": Ghormley, "The Tide," 126127. Ghormley, "The Tide," 126127. "I never saw an admiral before": "I never saw an admiral before": Hal Lamar, in Elarco Productions, Hal Lamar, in Elarco Productions, The Nimitz Story. The Nimitz Story. "Planes are too expensive": "Planes are too expensive": Hoyt, Hoyt, How They Won, How They Won, 153. 153. "I feel that our present operations": "I feel that our present operations": Ibid., 158. Ibid., 158. "Such a blow cannot": "Such a blow cannot": Ibid., 162. Ibid., 162. "Satisfied in every way...It was just the kind of trip": "Satisfied in every way...It was just the kind of trip": Trumbull, "Nimitz Confident After Pacific Trip," 6. Trumbull, "Nimitz Confident After Pacific Trip," 6. "When this war is over": "When this war is over": Vandegrift, Vandegrift, Once a Marine, Once a Marine, 171172. 171172. "Have striking force operate": "Have striking force operate": Ghormley to Scott, October 5, 1942 (1202) (CINCPAC Command Summary II, 891). Ghormley to Scott, October 5, 1942 (1202) (CINCPAC Command Summary II, 891).

16: Night of a New Moon Night of a New Moon USS San Francisco San Francisco's "scarlet letter": Spencer interview. Spencer interview. "New-type heavy units" "New-type heavy units" and and "mystery ship": "mystery ship": Ghormley to MacArthur and Fitch, October 8, 1942 (1035). Ghormley to MacArthur and Fitch, October 8, 1942 (1035). "A steady, chattering stream": "A steady, chattering stream": Morris, Morris, The Fightin'est Ship, The Fightin'est Ship, 32. 32. j.a.panese October dispositions: j.a.panese October dispositions: Frank, Frank, Guadalca.n.a.l, Guadalca.n.a.l, 374375. 374375. "Battles can only be won": "Battles can only be won": USS USS Quincy, Quincy, Action Report, 3 (Hepburn Report Annex, 443). Action Report, 3 (Hepburn Report Annex, 443). "Surface ships should be employed": "Surface ships should be employed": COMINCH, "Battle Experience: Solomon Islands Actions, August and September 1942," 1247. COMINCH, "Battle Experience: Solomon Islands Actions, August and September 1942," 1247. Surface battle doctrine: Surface battle doctrine: Hone, "U.S. Navy Surface Battle Doctrine," 7172. Hone, "U.S. Navy Surface Battle Doctrine," 7172. Scott's battle plan: Scott's battle plan: Commander, Task Group 64.2, "Memorandum for Task Group 64.2," October 9, 1942, 1; see also Scott's Memorandum Number Two, October 10, 1942, and Scott to Ghormley, October 4, 1942 (0600). Commander, Task Group 64.2, "Memorandum for Task Group 64.2," October 9, 1942, 1; see also Scott's Memorandum Number Two, October 10, 1942, and Scott to Ghormley, October 4, 1942 (0600). "Any qualified watch officer": "Any qualified watch officer": Crenshaw, Crenshaw, South Pacific Destroyer, South Pacific Destroyer, 56. 56. "The two lines on the chart": "The two lines on the chart": Morris, Morris, The Fightin'est Ship, The Fightin'est Ship, 34. 34. "As grim as his guns" "As grim as his guns" and and "Captain seem to be worried?": "Captain seem to be worried?": Ibid., 3435. Ibid., 3435. "We'll catch it sure" "We'll catch it sure" and and "The j.a.ps would strike": "The j.a.ps would strike": Ibid., 31. Ibid., 31. "We were moving west": "We were moving west": Ibid., 36. Ibid., 36. Pa.s.s the word from gun to gun: Pa.s.s the word from gun to gun: Morris, Morris, "Pick Out the Biggest," "Pick Out the Biggest," 36. 36. "There was little to do": "There was little to do": Morris, Morris, The Fightin'est Ship, The Fightin'est Ship, 36. 36. "Well, sir, these islands": "Well, sir, these islands": www.usssanfrancisco.org. "Dumpy and fat": "Dumpy and fat": Morris, Morris, The Fightin'est Ship, The Fightin'est Ship, 39. 39. "One large, two small vessels": "One large, two small vessels": CTG 64.2, "Report of Night Action," 1. CTG 64.2, "Report of Night Action," 1. "The only indication": "The only indication": Weems, "Solomons Battle Log," 83. Weems, "Solomons Battle Log," 83. "Execute to follow": USS "Execute to follow": USS Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, Action Report, 6. Action Report, 6.

17: Pulling the Trigger Pulling the Trigger "Column left": Commander, Task Group 64.2, "Report of Night Action," 3; Crenshaw, Commander, Task Group 64.2, "Report of Night Action," 3; Crenshaw, Naval Shiphandling, Naval Shiphandling, 179. 179. "Are you taking station": "Are you taking station": McCalla, "Report of Action," TBS Log, 2. McCalla, "Report of Action," TBS Log, 2. "Do not rejoin": "Do not rejoin": CTG 64.2, "Memorandum for Task Group 64.2." CTG 64.2, "Memorandum for Task Group 64.2." "Ships visible": "Ships visible": Morris, Morris, The Fightin'est Ship, The Fightin'est Ship, 43. 43. "The night had been still": "The night had been still": Ibid., 46. Ibid., 46. "The second never touched the water": "The second never touched the water": USS USS Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, "Report of Action of USS "Report of Action of USS Salt Lake City Salt Lake City Against j.a.panese Surface Naval Units, Night of October 1112, 1942, Off Savo Island, Solomon Islands," 8. Against j.a.panese Surface Naval Units, Night of October 1112, 1942, Off Savo Island, Solomon Islands," 8. "Pick out the biggest" "Pick out the biggest" and and "Daddy, I want to go home": "Daddy, I want to go home": Morris, Morris, "Pick Out the Biggest," "Pick Out the Biggest," 45. 45. "I felt a wildly exultant joy": "I felt a wildly exultant joy": Weems, "Solomons Battle Log," 85. Weems, "Solomons Battle Log," 85. "I "I AM AM A AOBA" and "Bakayaro!": "Bakayaro!": Ugaki, Ugaki, Fading Victory, Fading Victory, 238. 238. "Cease firing, all ships": "Cease firing, all ships": USS USS McCalla, McCalla, "Report of Action," TBS Log, 2; the "Report of Action," TBS Log, 2; the Salt Lake City Salt Lake City recorded, recorded, "Cease firing, our ships." "Cease firing, our ships." "Report of Action," 7. " "Report of Action," 7. "Rapid fire, continuous....Begging your pardon, Admiral": Spencer interview. Spencer interview. "It took some time to stop": "It took some time to stop": CTG 64.2, "Report of Night Action," 3. CTG 64.2, "Report of Night Action," 3. "Every time he could train": "Every time he could train": Richardson, "My War," unpaginated. Richardson, "My War," unpaginated. "How are you?...Twelve is okay": "How are you?...Twelve is okay": USS USS Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, "Report of Action," 7. "Report of Action," 7. "Stood there transfixed": "Stood there transfixed": Richardson, "My War." Richardson, "My War." "Almost immediately she was observed": "Almost immediately she was observed": USS USS Duncan, Duncan, "Detailed Report of Action of USS "Detailed Report of Action of USS Duncan Duncan During Engagement with j.a.panese Forces Off Savo Island, 1112 October 1942," 4. During Engagement with j.a.panese Forces Off Savo Island, 1112 October 1942," 4.

18: "Pour It to 'Em" "Pour It to 'Em"

"Getting hotter than a Joe Louis fight": Morris, Morris, "Pick Out the Biggest," "Pick Out the Biggest," 52. 52. "Fired at "Fired at Boise Boise unopposed": unopposed": USS USS Boise, Boise, "Action Off Cape Esperance," 8. "Action Off Cape Esperance," 8. "The fuze hasn't gone off": "The fuze hasn't gone off": Morris, Morris, "Pick Out," "Pick Out," 5860. "The battle had been a game": Morris, 5860. "The battle had been a game": Morris, The Fightin'est Ship, The Fightin'est Ship, 53. 53. "Take it easy, son": "Take it easy, son": Ibid., 60. Ibid., 60. "Outta my way "Outta my way!": Morris, "Mike Moran's Men," part 1, 51. Damage to Damage to Salt Lake City: Salt Lake City: USS USS Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, "Report of Action of USS "Report of Action of USS Salt Lake City Salt Lake City Against j.a.panese Surface Naval Units, Night of October 1112, 1942, Off Savo Island, Solomon Islands," 16, 19, 2324. Against j.a.panese Surface Naval Units, Night of October 1112, 1942, Off Savo Island, Solomon Islands," 16, 19, 2324. "The enemy was silenced": "The enemy was silenced": Commander, Task Group 64.2, "Report of Night Action," 4. Commander, Task Group 64.2, "Report of Night Action," 4. "D491 v D456": "D491 v D456": COMINCH, "Battle Experience: Solomon Islands Actions, October 1942," 2027. COMINCH, "Battle Experience: Solomon Islands Actions, October 1942," 2027. "Detail one of your boys": "Detail one of your boys": USS USS Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, "Report of Action," 12. "Report of Action," 12. "E "ENGAGED ENEMY WEST OF S SAVO": Scott to Ghormley, October 11, 1942 (1528). "And the navigator pushed": "And the navigator pushed": McCandless letter, McCandless letter, Proceedings, Proceedings, 123. 123. "Rather too sensitive...If we do not approve": "Rather too sensitive...If we do not approve": Ugaki, Ugaki, Fading Victory, Fading Victory, 226. 226. Loss of Loss of Furutaka: Furutaka: IJN IJN Furutaka, Furutaka, "Action Record"; also Lacroix and Wells, "Action Record"; also Lacroix and Wells, j.a.panese Cruisers of the Pacific War, j.a.panese Cruisers of the Pacific War, 309. 309. "Bow end looked cooked": "Bow end looked cooked": Lundstrom, Lundstrom, The First Team and the Guadalca.n.a.l Campaign, The First Team and the Guadalca.n.a.l Campaign, 297. 297. "As we pulled into harbor": "As we pulled into harbor": Barham, Barham, The 228 Days of the United States Destroyer The 228 Days of the United States Destroyer Laffey Laffey (DD-459), (DD-459), 66. 66. "Little things, remembered now in detail": "Little things, remembered now in detail": Morris, Morris, The Fightin'est Ship, The Fightin'est Ship, 60. 60. "Crude night firing practices": "Crude night firing practices": CTG 64.2, "Report of Night Action," 7. CTG 64.2, "Report of Night Action," 7. "The rapidity and accuracy": "The rapidity and accuracy": USS USS Boise, Boise, "Action Off Cape Esperance," 1. "Action Off Cape Esperance," 1. "Throughout the 'Night Battle'": "Throughout the 'Night Battle'": j.a.panese General Headquarters, Far East Command, Monograph No. 98, 35. j.a.panese General Headquarters, Far East Command, Monograph No. 98, 35. "Restrict telephone circuits": "Restrict telephone circuits": USS USS Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, "Report of Action," 2530. "Report of Action," 2530.

PART III:.

Storm Tide 19: All h.e.l.l's Eve All h.e.l.l's Eve "Admiral Ghormley treated me like a son": MacDonald interview, 203204. MacDonald interview, 203204. "The ship and crew members": "The ship and crew members": Brodie, Brodie, A Guide to Naval Strategy, A Guide to Naval Strategy, 278. 278. 11th Air Fleet strength: 11th Air Fleet strength: Lundstrom, Lundstrom, The First Team and the Guadalca.n.a.l Campaign, The First Team and the Guadalca.n.a.l Campaign, 293294. 293294. d.a.m.n that plane. d.a.m.n that plane...."Outside, a thousand rockets": Soule, Soule, Shooting the Pacific War, Shooting the Pacific War, 111112. 111112. "The exploding gunfire": "The exploding gunfire": Kennedy, Kennedy, Fearless Warrior, Fearless Warrior, 64. 64. "The air was filled": "The air was filled": Lundstrom, Lundstrom, The First Team, The First Team, 301. 301. "Our single light bulb swayed" "Our single light bulb swayed" and and "Again the earth heaved": "Again the earth heaved": Soule, Soule, Shooting, Shooting, 111112. 111112. "It seemed as if all": "It seemed as if all": Frank, Frank, Guadalca.n.a.l, Guadalca.n.a.l, 317. 317. "Daylight disclosed": "Daylight disclosed": Soule, Soule, Shooting, Shooting, 113. 113. "But luckily the teleradio": "But luckily the teleradio": MacKenzie, "Report on Coast-Watching," 2122. MacKenzie, "Report on Coast-Watching," 2122. "The Marines at the airport": "The Marines at the airport": Wolfert, Wolfert, Battle for the Solomons, Battle for the Solomons, 64. 64. "It was the hopelessness": "It was the hopelessness": Halsey, Halsey, Admiral Halsey's Story, Admiral Halsey's Story, 116. 116. "We don't know whether": "We don't know whether": Miller, Miller, The Cactus Air Force, The Cactus Air Force, 121. 121. "The situation is critical": "The situation is critical": Ghormley to Nimitz, October 14, 1942 (1410). Ghormley to Nimitz, October 14, 1942 (1410). "It became immediately obvious": "It became immediately obvious": MacKenzie, "Report," 22. MacKenzie, "Report," 22. "Security our position": "Security our position": Nimitz to King, October 15, 1942 (2235). Nimitz to King, October 15, 1942 (2235). "I have resigned myself": "I have resigned myself": Agawa, Agawa, The Reluctant Admiral, The Reluctant Admiral, 335. 335. "It now appears": "It now appears": Morison, Morison, The Struggle for Guadalca.n.a.l, The Struggle for Guadalca.n.a.l, 178. 178. "Can use no more aircraft": "Can use no more aircraft": Fitch to Ghormley, October 15, 1942 (0921). Fitch to Ghormley, October 15, 1942 (0921). "The j.a.ps have the run": "The j.a.ps have the run": Merillat, Merillat, Guadalca.n.a.l Remembered, Guadalca.n.a.l Remembered, 181182. 181182. "I don't think we have": "I don't think we have": Lundstrom, Lundstrom, The First Team, The First Team, 311. 311.