25. Under what conditions will a ma.s.s movement (a) become organized, and (b) become an inst.i.tution?

FOOTNOTES:

[280] W. G. Sumner, _Folkways_. A study of the sociological importance of usages, manners, customs, mores, and morals, pp. 12-13. (Boston, 1906.)

[281] Scipio Sighele, in a note to the French edition of his _Psychology of Sects_, claims that his volume, _La Folla delinquente_, of which the second edition was published at Turin in 1895, and his article "Physiologie du succes," in the _Revue des Revues_, October 1, 1894, were the first attempts to describe the crowd from the point of view of collective psychology. Le Bon published two articles, "Psychologie des foules" in the _Revue scientifique_, April 6 and 20, 1895. These were later gathered together in his volume _Psychologie des foules_, Paris, 1895. See Sighele _Psychologie des sectes_, pp. 25, 39.

[282] Gustave Le Bon, _The Crowd_. A study of the popular mind, p. 19.

(New York, 1900.)

[283] _Ibid._, p. 83.

[284] _L'Opinion et la foule_, pp. 6-7. (Paris, 1901.)

[285] _The Crowd_, p. 41.

[286] Sidney L. Hinde, _The Fall of the Congo Arabs_, p. 147. (London, 1897.) Describing a characteristic incident in one of the strange confused battles Hinde says: "Wordy war, which also raged, had even more effect than our rifles. Mahomedi and Sefu led the Arabs, who were jeering and taunting Lutete's people, saying that they were in a bad case, and had better desert the white man, who was ignorant of the fact that Mohara with all the forces of Nyange was camped in his rear.

Lutete's people replied: 'Oh, we know all about Mohara; we ate him the day before yesterday.'" This news became all the more depressing when it turned out to be true. See also Hirn, _The Origins of Art_, p. 269, for an explanation of the role of threats and boastings in savage warfare.

[287] Robert E. Park and Herbert A. Miller, _Old World Traits Transplanted_. Doc.u.ment 23, pp. 32-33. (New York, 1921.)

[288] Yrjo Hirn, _The Origins of Art_. A psychological and sociological inquiry, p. 87. (London, 1900.)

[289] _Ibid._, p. 89.

[290] Le Bon, _op. cit._, p. 82.

[291] _Ibid._, p. 82.

[292] Scipio Sighele, _Psychologie des sectes_, p. 46. (Paris, 1898.)

[293] W. E. H. Lecky, _History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe._ 2 vols. (Vol. I.) (New York, 1866.)

[294] See Gabriel Tarde, _Laws of Imitation._

[295] J. F. C. Hecker, _Die Tanzwuth, eine Volkskrankheit im Mittelalter._ (Berlin, 1832.) See Introduction of _The Black Death and the Dancing Mania_. Translated from the German by B. G. Babington.

Ca.s.sell's National Library. (New York, 1888.)

[296] Le Bon, _op. cit._, p. 26.

[297] Vernon Lee [pseud.], _Vital Lies._ Studies of some varieties of recent obscurantism. (London, 1912.)

[298] Taken from _Gentleman's Magazine_, March, 1787, p. 268.

[299] Adapted from J. F. C. Hecker, _The Black Death, and the Dancing Mania_, pp. 106-11. (Ca.s.sell & Co., 1888.)

[300] From Mary Austin, _The Flock_, pp. 110-29. (Houghton Mifflin Co., 1906.)

[301] From W. H. Hudson, "The Strange Instincts of Cattle," in _Longman's Magazine_, XVIII (1891), 389-91.

[302] From Ernest Thompson Seton, "The Habits of Wolves," in _The American Magazine_, LXIV (1907), 636.

[303] Adapted from Gustave Le Bon, _The Crowd_, pp. 1-14. (T. Fisher Unwin, 1897.)

[304] From Robert E. Park, _The Crowd and the Public_. (Unpublished ma.n.u.script.)

[305] Moll, _Hypnotism_, pp. 134-36.

[306] Sighele, _Psychologie des Auflaufs und der Ma.s.senverbrechen_ (translated from the Italian), p. 79.

[307] Durkheim, _The Elementary Forms of Religious Life_, pp. 432-37.

[308] Adapted from T. C. Down, "The Rush to the Klondike," in the _Cornhill Magazine_, IV (1898), 33-43.

[309] Adapted from Mrs. Annie Wittenmyer, _History of the Woman's Temperance Crusade_ (1878), pp. 34-62.

[310] Adapted from Gustave Le Bon, _The Psychology of Revolution_, pp.

147-70. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1913.)

[311] Adapted from John Spargo, _The Psychology of Bolshevism_, pp.

1-120. (Harper & Brothers, 1919.)

[312] Adapted from William E. H. Lecky, _A History of England in the Eighteenth Century_, III, 33-101. (D. Appleton & Co., 1892.)

[313 1] _Supra_, pp. 652-53; 657-58.

[314] Otto Stoll, _Suggestion und Hypnotismus in der Volkerpsychologie_.

2d ed. (Leipzig, 1904.)

[315] Robert E. Park, _Immigrant Press and Its Control_, chap. ii, "Background of the Immigrant Press." (New York, 1921. In press.)

[316] _Ibid._

[317] Anton H. Hollman, _Die danische Volkshochschule und ihre Bedeutung fur die Entwicklung einer volkischen Kultur in Danemark_. (Berlin, 1909.)

[318] H. G. Wells, _The Salvaging of Civilization_, chaps. iv-v, "The Bible of Civilization," pp. 97-140. (New York, 1921.)

[319] See _The Immigrant Press and Its Control_, chap. ii, for a translation of Dr. Kudirka's so-called "Confession."

[320] Gabriel Tarde, _The Laws of Imitation_. Translated from the 2d French ed. by Elsie Clews Parsons, p. 247. (New York, 1903.)

[321] Sumner, _Folkways_, pp. 200-201.

CHAPTER XIV

PROGRESS