Ill.u.s.trated Catalogue of the Collections Obtained from the Pueblos of New Mexico.

by James Stevenson.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

_Washington, D.C., August 28, 1882._

SIR: I have the honor to present herewith an ill.u.s.trated catalogue of archaeologic and ethnologic collections, made under your direction in Arizona and New Mexico, during the field season of 1881.

In connection with these collections, I am indebted to Mr. Frank H.

Cushing for the preparation of the field catalogue for the collection from Zui. His thorough knowledge of the Zui language enabled him to obtain the Indian name of most of the articles procured, which names are given in this catalogue. I have also to thank him for valuable a.s.sistance in making the collection. I also take pleasure in expressing thanks to Mr. Victor Mindeleff for his aid in making the collection, in which labor he rendered faithful a.s.sistance.

Col. L. P. Bradley, commandant of Fort Wingate, extended us many courtesies and material aid, for which I am pleased to extend thanks.

Hoping the collections of the season form a contribution equally valuable with those previously procured from the southwest,

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

JAMES STEVENSON.

Prof. J. W. POWELL, _Director Bureau of Ethnology_.

ILl.u.s.tRATED CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTIONS OF 1881.

By James Stevenson.

INTRODUCTORY.

The following catalogue contains a descriptive enumeration of the archaeologic and ethnologic specimens collected in Arizona and New Mexico during the season of 1881. These collections were all obtained from the pueblo of Zui in Northwestern New Mexico, and the pueblos comprising the province of Tusayan, in Northeastern Arizona. The entire collection contains about four thousand nine hundred specimens.

The articles of stone consist of axes, in various conditions of preservation. Some are quite perfect, while many are more or less impaired by modern uses, for which they were not originally intended.

In nearly all instances they are grooved, and a few are provided with double splitting or cutting edges; but as a rule these axes were made with one end blunt for pounding or hammering, while the opposite end is provided with an edge. The large pestles and mortars were designed for crushing grain and food, the small ones for grinding and mixing mineral pigments for ceramic or decorative purposes.

Among the articles of stone are about one hundred and fifty hunting and war amulets. These objects present the most interesting features of the collection, and were among the most difficult articles to obtain. The Indians prize them very highly as keepsakes, which they employ in war, the chase, and sacred ceremonies. Each specimen is specifically referred to in the catalogue, accompanied with some wood-cut ill.u.s.trations of such specimens as possess the greatest significance.

Mr. Frank H. Cushing has presented a full account of the history, traditions, and uses of these images or G.o.ds, in a paper ent.i.tled Zui Fetiches, in the Second Annual Report of the Bureau for 1882, to which the reader is referred.

In these collections, as in those of the two previous seasons, articles of clay predominate. They consist of Tinajas, or large, decorated, vase-shaped water-vessels. These vary in capacity from one to six gallons, and are the princ.i.p.al vessels used for holding and storing water for domestic purposes. These vases do not vary greatly in form, yet the colored designs with which they are ornamented present as many variations as there are specimens. The causes for these variations, both in size and ceramic characters, as well as the method of manufacturing them, are quite fully explained in the notes accompanying my catalogue of collections from these same localities in the Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology for 1880-81.

The collection also contains a large number of jug-shaped canteens, varying in capacity from one pint to three gallons. These vessels, like an ordinary jug, are provided with a small nozzle, and are used to carry water and to drink from. They vary in their decorative designs, but are seldom as elaborate or beautiful as the vases.

In the collection are also clay spoons, ladles, and dippers of two or three kinds of ware, such as red, white, and black, of various sizes.

Many of these are fancifully decorated. Also pitchers, mugs, and cups of different patterns, forms, and sizes, variously ornamented in red, black, and white. A very fine collection of meal or sacred pottery baskets was obtained. These are also of varied forms or types, some with handles, terraced and fluted edges or rims, usually decorated with figures of the tadpole and horned frog, and occasionally with the representation of the road runner, and frequently with the sacred b.u.t.terfly.

The condiment vessels form no small part of the collection. The forms and styles of these vessels can only be appreciated by reference to the specific descriptions and ill.u.s.trations in the catalogue.

A large number of cooking bowls and pots were obtained, but these are of less interest, as they are in all cases plain black vessels without ornamentation of any kind. They generally resemble the old-fashioned cast-iron cooking pot used by Europeans. Occasionally one is found which is provided with legs, in imitation probably of the skillet or pots used by the Mexicans of that country.

The vegetal substances comprise utensils and implements of all kinds.

Among these are baskets, trays, water-jugs, corn-planters, bows, arrows, sieves, gaming-blocks, &c. The basketry is worthy of inspection for the ingenuity and skill displayed in the manufacture of such articles. These consist of fine meal baskets or trays of all sizes, many of which are curiously ornamented in bright colors. The coa.r.s.er baskets, which are constructed and shaped to suit the service for which they are employed, are used as sieves and for conveying corn and fruit from the farms.

In addition to the objects above referred to, hundreds that are not mentioned will be found described or ill.u.s.trated in their proper places in the catalogue.

Most of the plates presented in this Catalogue are designed to show the manner in which the Zui and Moki Indians use certain implements in some of their arts and industries, such as the polishing stone; rotary, stone-pointed drill; the manner of combing and dressing the hair; the spindle whorl, showing the mode of preparing the woof for weaving.

COLLECTIONS FROM ZUI, NEW MEXICO.

ARTICLES OF STONE.

AXES.

65890. Stone axe, small, double-grooved. O-la k-le, kwl -kwi-ai-e.

65891, 65892, 65893, 65894, 65895, 65896, 65897, 65898. Ditto, single-grooved.

65868, 65855. Ditto, large.

65854. Ditto, large and broad.

65876. Ditto, very broad.

65869. Ditto, very large, and showing use as pecking-stone.

65856, 65870, 65877, 65857, 65871, 65858, 65878, 65879. Ditto, large.

65872. Ditto, very thin-bladed.

65859. Ditto, flat.

65860, 65880. Ditto, showing use as maul.

65861. Ditto, double-grooved. Kwil -kwi-ai-e.

65862. Ditto, double-grooved, handsomely finished.

66045. Ditto, double-grooved, handsomely finished. K kithl-thl-nai-e.

66882, 65874. Very large ungrooved ancient stone axes or celts.

O-la-k-thlana, kwa-ak-wam-me.