25. Bain (1999), 707 26. Ibid., 709-11; Lavender (1972), 278; Sackman (2005), 42; Huntington quoted in Hine and Faragher (2000), 417- 27. McDougall (1993), 372; Adas (2006),112-13.

28. See Kolko (1965).

29. Kolko (1963), 1-5; Lebergott (1984), 282; Hine and Faragher (2000), 281-82; White (1993),146; LaFeber (1989), 149.

30. Ripley and Emerson quoted in Marx (1964), 199-200, 234; Ka.s.son (1976), 122-23, 146,155, Whitman quoted, pp. 172,178; Rigal (1998),183-85.

Y. Gordon (2004), 151; Heine quoted in Schivelbush (1986), 37- 3z. Schivelbush (1986), 92.

33. Schivelbush (1986),1oo-rr; Woodward (1951),125.

34. d'Eramo (2002), IS.

35. McMurtry (1968), 11, 94; McMurtry (2001), xi; Rhodes (1999), 115.

36. Meinig (1969), 23; Caro (1983),5-6,11-14,52. A dog-run cabin means two separated cabins or rooms connected under a continuous roof. See Caro (1983),17.

37. Webb (1931), 161; White (1993), 65-69; Anderson and Cayton (2005), 247-48, 267-68; Meinig (1969), 41; Fehrenbach (1968), 275; Caro (1983), 5.

38. De Beauvoir (1954), 202; also Wolfe (5989), 30.

39 Bruchey (1988), 48-51; Lewis quoted in Foley (1997), 2; Fehrenbach (1968), 563; see also the map of Texas settlement by whites from the Deep South, p. 597- 40. Webb (1931), 209, 216-17, 230, 313-14; Foley (1997), 28; Caro (1983), x.

41. Joan Didion on Wayne in Didion (1968), 31; Kramer (1977), 17, 56; on Kissinger's interview with Oriana Fallacci, see her obituary, New York Times (September 16, 2006), p. A16.

42. Webb ('93'), 245; Jennings quoted in Webb, p. 494n.

43 Wills (1997), 11, 17, 21, Mast quoted, p. 147; harrisinteractive.com/harris-poll/ index.asp?PID=631; Johnson (2004), 59. Wayne traipsed through Honolulu "hunting commies" for the House Committee on Un-American Activities in the 1952 film, Big Jim McLain. See Wood (5999), 107- 44 Webb (1931), 477; Wills (1997),13 45 Nicholas Lemann argued that when Bush was growing up he never quite mastered Texas masculinity; like his father and d.i.c.k Cheney, he "hunts doves and quail but not deer." Instead he stands in awe of strong, silent, laconic types like fireballer Nolan Ryan and was in the stands on August 4, 1993, when Ryan beaned Robin Ventura, who charged the mound and caught six short, sharp blows to the face from Ryan (then forty-six years old). "It was a fantastic experience for the Texas Rangers fans," Bush said. And, as a Texan would say, Ryan was only acting in self-defense. Lemann, "Remember the Alamo," New Yorker (October 18, 2004), p. 58.

46. Webb (1931), 497.

47. Ibid., 167; Brown (1991), 5,17,156; Ngai (2004), 68.

48. Larry McMurtry, "Texas: The Death of the Natives," New York Review of Books (September 21, 2006), p. 64.

49 Brown (1975), viii.

50. Ibid., 273, 276; Anderson (2005),172- 94,345-77 51. See the excellent discussion in Foley (1997), 2-12, 44, also citing research by historian David Roediger; Holmes quoted in Palumbo-Liu (1999), 29; Meinig (1998), 212, 223; Fehrenbach (1968), 670.

52. Walker (2004), 283; Edward J. M. Rhoads, "The Chinese in Texas," in Dirlik (2001), 166; Brady (2004), 9, 42-43, 63.

53. Foley (1997), 120.

54. David Uhler, "The Gusher That Changed the World," San Antonio ExpressNews, carried in San Francisco Chronicle (January 10, 2001), p. 5; Fehrenbach (1968), 66668; Brown (1995),158-59.

55 Leslie Wayne, "Perry R. Ba.s.s, 91, Patriarch of Famed Oil Texas Family," New York Times (June 2, 2006), nytimes.com.

56. Wolfe (1989), 78.

57. Rick Lyman and Anne E. Kornblut, "The Ranch Where Politicians Roam," New York Times (February 19, 2006), nytimes.com.

58. McWilliams (1949), 25.

Chapter S. Abroad in Search of Monsters to Destroy.

1. Musicant (1998), 117,125,137-40,144; Weigley (1967), 290-91,568. For an excellent account of McKinley's decision-making that nonetheless places too much weight on his strategy and leadership, see McCormick (1967),108-11,116-17.

2. Williams cited in LaFeber (1989), 161.

3. Shafter quoted in Anderson and Cayton (2005), 336; Drinnon (1980), 313; Okihiro (1994),56-57; Linn (1989), 7,139,157; Root quoted in Linn (1989), 23. Brian Linn is at pains to show that the insurgents employed "terrorism" and seems to imply that this justified harsh U.S. countermeasures-an argument with a contemporary ring a century later (Linn [1989], r8-19, 161).

4. Stephanson (1995), 75-78; Musicant (1998), 210, 250-51; Trask (1981), xii-xiii; Anderson and Cayton (2005), 31$, 327-37; Gould (1980), 20, 35, 110; Dallek (1983), 22; Meinig (1998), 354.

5. Especially Iriye (1972), viii, 26-27, and pa.s.sim.

6. Field quoted in Iriye (1972), 13-14.

7. Royce (1886), 23, 42; Chisholm (1990), 4 8. Wiebe (1967), 225-27. On Wall Street's shift toward war, see LaFeber (1963), 392. Walter LaFeber has shown in several books (especially The New Empire) how small and critically placed elites expanded American power in Central America and the Pacific in the nineteenth century, but most Americans were unaware of these excursions, and speaking broadly, until 1898 they were incidents and they were policies, but they were discrete rather than connected in a pattern (beyond the westward expansion which involved almost everyone) and lacked significant impact on the country-even if trade policies were closely watched by cotton, wheat, and other exporters. The agency charged with foreign affairs, the State Department, was a weak, stodgy, and fractious place throughout the nineteenth century. Visionary secretaries of state-John Quincy Adams, William Seward-were certainly important, they were avatars of empire, but they did not sway the nation like Woodrow Wilson or Franklin Roosevelt did in the next century. Perhaps the forgotten hero, James Polk, is the closest a.n.a.logy to strong or "imperial" twentieth-century presidents. LaFeber leans toward this position in his later work, in my reading. See in particular LaFeber (1993), 234-39.

9. Rosenberg (1982), 4-7,16, 21; Mokyr (1990), 142-44.

10. Adams (1907), 287-88, 319, 492n.

ii. Hoganson (1998),5-6,68; Linderman (1974),34; Linn (1997),10; Trask (1981), 99- 10i; Gould (1980), 1, 12-14, 6o-6r; Beale (1956), 6; Musicant (1998), 220-21, 226.

1z. Hoganson (1998), 6-7; Ngai (2004), 99; Musicant (1998), 591, 604; Linn (1997), r6. These sources differ slightly in the number of Filipinos and Americans who died. The civilian toll varies widely, with the largest figure coming from Adas (zoo6),134.

13. Healy (1970), 62-65; Roosevelt quoted in LaFeber (0989), Igo; see also LaFeber (0963), 400-402; LaFeber (1993), 159.

14. Linn (1997),12-14, 20, 28-29, 83.

15. Brechin (0999), 136, quoting General Smith; Smith's words vary slightly in the quotation given in Morris (2002), 100; see also pp. 101-2, and Hoganson (1998), 035; and Linn (0997),14 16. Twain's essay reprinted in Shaw and Francia (2002), 57-68; Young (1968),193-94; Linn (1997), 21; James in Robert Beisner's paraphrase, Beisner (1968), xxii-xxiii, 45,165.

17. G.o.dkin quoted in Healy (1970), 218; emphasis in original. G.o.dkin was the editor of the Nation.

18. Morris (2002), 3-4.

19. Beale (1956), 28.

20. Roosevelt quoted in Beale (1956), 40, 57.

21. Roosevelt quoted in Beale (1956), 80, 159.

22. Slotkin (1992), 36-40; Linderman (1974), io6.

23. Slotkin (1992), io6-7, 1o9-ii; Adas (2oo6), 88.

24. Wiebe (1967),254; McCormick (1967), 60-63, 125, and pa.s.sim; Tom McCormick's China Market and Marilyn Young's Rhetoric ofEmpire are the best books on the Open Door and America's China policy at the turn of the century. See also Bryant (0947), 382.

25. Young (1968), 6; Iriye (1967), 80-82.

26. LaFeber (1963), 316.

27. Adams (1907), 303, 351; Osborne (1998), 130; LaFeber (1963), 313-14; Hay quoted in Healy (1970), 33, also McCormick (1967),158.

z8. Quoted in Healy (1970),174.

z9. Anderson and Cayton (zoo5), 344-46; Katz (1981),195-202.

30. McDougall (1993), 379 31. Adas (2006), 8; Sumida (1989), 37,362; Evans and Peattie (1997),152-53.

32. Limerick (1987), 271; Saxton (1971), 254-55.

33. Reckner (1988), xi, 6,56-7,89,107; Linn (1997), 86-87; Sherry (1987),103. Stimson sent a handful of B-17 bombers to the Philippines in September 1941, but they couldn't function effectively without other support services. See Sherry (1987), io6.

34. Bryant (1947),391; Esthus (1966), 263; Evans and Peattie (1997),12, 60,147.

35. Reckner (1988), 113-14, 119; d.i.c.kinson (0999), 27-28, 73; Beasley (1995), 51, 152; Evans and Peattie (1997), 153, 194-95, 201. For a detailed discussion of j.a.pan's plans for war with the United States from 1907 onward, see Evans and Peattie (1997), 187-89- 36. I discuss this pattern at length in c.u.mings (1998), ch. i.

37- Charles E. Neu, "1906-1913," in May and Thomson (1972), 155-72; Hunt (1985), 211-14; Iriye (1967), 123; Sklar (1992), 78-82. "Orange plans" for war with j.a.pan went back to the late 189os, and the Army War College had mounted Orange vs. Blue war games for years (Linn [1997], 88-89).

38. Todd (1921), r:vx-xvi, 31-32.

39. Inscriptions at the Panama-Pac~fic International Exposition (1915), 12, 05-06. Goethe's statement came in a conversation with M. Soret in 0827.

40. Blue Book (1915), 46-49, 292.

41. Todd (1921), 2:302.

4z. Ibid., 3:95. A "Chinaficationist" appears to be a person who favors peace, because in his speech Roosevelt had denounced "professional pacifists" who wanted to "Chinafy this country."

43. Blue Book (1915), 48-9.

44. Todd (1921), 3:210-16, 376; 4:128.

45 Reckner (1988), x, 8, 15; LaFeber (1993), 227; McCormick (1967), 72-73; Young (1968), 34, 123; Rockhill quoted in Young, p. 228. (In trade with j.a.pan, by contrast, the United States exported $53 million and imported $81 million.) See Iriye (1972), 223; Iriye (1969), 36; also Linn (1997), 113, 115-21, 128-29, 145-46.

46. Weigley (1967), 400-403, 567-68. U.S. troop strength expanded in 1940-41 to 10,569 in the Philippines and 42,857 in Hawaii.

47. Linn (1997), 245, 253-54.

48. Marilyn Blatt Young, 'American Expansion, 1870-1900: The Far East," in Bernstein (1967),180-81,187; LaFeber (1997), 76-77; McCormick (1967), 193-94.

49. Adams (1907), io; see also 301-4- 50. Bryant (1947), 377, 388; Pletcher (2001), 8o, 82; Drinnon (1980), 273; Lodge quoted in Dallek (1983), 29; Adams (1903), xv.

51. Turner (1920), 228, 271, 289.

52. Williams (2nd ed.,1972),11, 29-30,171, 31; McCormick (1967), 128; Seward quoted in Paolino (1973), 11, 25, 29.

53 The full address is available in LaFeber (1965), 42-46; emphasis in original.

Chapter 6. East of Eden.

Epigraph from c.o.ke (1852), 317. c.o.ke was a visiting Englishman.

I. Schwantes (1996), 22-23, 49-51.

2. Kelley (1971), 49, 273; Chris Dixon, "A Coast Less Traveled," New York Times (April 29, 2005).

3. Philbrick (2003), 260, 264; Pomeroy (1965),56; Wilkes quoted in White (1995),5; Johansen and Gates (1967), 200.

4. Nugent (2001), 78- 5. Ibid., 156-57.

6. Vancouver quoted in Robbins et al. (1983), 205.

7. Heilemann (2001), 161.

8. The "sweet Arcadian valley of the Willamette" was a constant trope in settler imaginings. See Bunting (1995), 415-16.

9. Crawford (1898), 73.

1o. MacColl (1998), 2; White (1993), 72.

1i. Hine and Faragher (2000),184; Webb (1931), 149; MacColl (1998), 108-9; Unruh (1979),119; Johansen and Gates (1967), 284, 297; Drinnon (1980), 233; Meinig (1998), 70.

12. Johnson (1992), 8-9, 42-43, 142, Williams quoted, p. 181. See also Peirce (1972), 223; Samuel Thurston quoted, pp. 159-6o. Also MacColl (1998), 3-4, 91-92, 167; Unruh (1979), 93; Johansen and Gates (1967), 339; Morgan (1967), 86.

13. Oral histories cited in Nugent (2001), 213.

14. Pomeroy (1965), 254.

15. White (1993), 101-2; Schwantes (1996), 28-29, 38-39, 144-53.

16. J. H. Beadle, quoted in Johnson (1992), 269.

17. Pomeroy (1965), 146; Lewis and Clark (1953), 285, 295, 312. I saw the Maharaj Ji's outburst on television at the time; he did allow, however, that in Oregon he had discovered the best drink in the world: Canada Dry ginger ale (unfortunately, an import from across the border).