Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.

[Ill.u.s.tration: 515.]

=515. Pine Grosbeak= (_Pinicola enucleator leucura_). L. 8.5; W. 4.6.

_Ad._ [Male]. Rosy red in varying amounts; belly gray; wings, tail and center of back feathers blackish brown; two white wing-bars. _Ad._ [Female]. Gray, head and rump greenish; breast tinged with greenish.

_Yng._ [Male]. Like [Female], but with head and rump reddish. _Notes._ Song, sweet; in winter strong and cheery; in spring tender and plaintive. (Chamberlain.)

Range.--Northeastern North America; breeds from New Brunswick and northern New England northward; winters south, irregularly, to southern New England, Ohio, and Manitoba, and casually to District of Columbia and Kansas.

=515a. Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak= (_P. e. montana_). Similar to No. 515b, but decidedly larger, W. 4.8, and coloration slightly darker; the adult male with the red of a darker, more carmine hue.

(Ridgw.)

Range.--"Rocky Mountains of United States, from Montana and Idaho to New Mexico." (Ridgway.)

=515b. California Pine Grosbeak= (_P. e. californica_). Similar to No. 515, but [Male] with red much brighter; feathers of back plain ashy gray without darker centers; [Female] with little if any greenish on rump.

Range.--Higher parts of "Central Sierra Nevada, north to Placer County and south to Fresno County, California." (Grinnell.)

=515c. Alaskan Pine Grosbeak= (_P. e. alascensis_). Similar to No. 515, but decidedly larger with smaller or shorter bill and paler coloration, both s.e.xes having the gray parts of the plumage distinctly lighter, more ashy. (Ridgw.)

Range.--"Northwestern North America except Pacific coast, breeding in interior of Alaska; south, in winter, to eastern British Columbia, Montana (Bitterroot Valley), etc." (Ridgway.)

=515d. Kadiak Pine Grosbeak= (_P. e. flammula_). Similar to No. 515, but with much larger, relatively longer and more strongly hooked bill; wings and tail grayish brown instead of dull blackish.

Range.--"Kadiak Island and south on the coast to Sitka, Alaska."

(Ridgway.)

[Ill.u.s.tration: 521.]

=521. American Crossbill= (_Loxia curvirostra minor_). L. 6.1; W. 3.4; B. .66. Tips of mandibles crossed. _Ad._ [Male]. Red, more or less suffused with greenish or yellow. _Ad._ [Female]. Olive-green, rump and underparts yellower. _Yng._ Resemble Ad. [Female]. _Notes._ Calls, when feeding, a conversational twittering; louder and more p.r.o.nounced when flying; song, sweet, varied and musical, but of small volume.

Range.--Northern North America, chiefly eastward; breeds from northern New England (in Alleghanies from Georgia) north and west to Alaska; winters south irregularly to Virginia and Nevada; casually to South Carolina and Louisiana.

=521a. Mexican Crossbill= (_L. c. stricklandi_). Similar to No. 521, but larger; W. 4; B. .78.

Range.--"Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, west to the Sierra Nevada, and south through New Mexico, Arizona and the tablelands of Mexico to Guatemala." (A.O.U.)

[Ill.u.s.tration: 522.]

=522. White-winged Crossbill= (_Loxia leucoptera_). L. 6. Tips of mandibles crossed. _Ad._ [Male]. Rose-pink; middle of back black; wings with _two white bars_. _Ad._ [Female]. Olive-green and dusky; rump and underparts yellower; _wings with two white bars_.

_Yng._ Like Ad. [Female]. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 521.

Range.--Northern North America; breeds from northern New England, northern New York and northern Michigan northward; winters south irregularly to Virginia, Illinois, British Columbia, and Nevada.

[Ill.u.s.tration: 595.]

=595. Rose-breasted Grosbeak= (_Zamelodia ludoviciana_). L. 8. _Ad._ [Male]. Black; rump, belly, tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers and patch in wing white; under wing-coverts and breast rose. _Ad._ [Female]. Under wing-coverts saffron; above streaked brown and black; below whitish streaked with blackish; a _white line over eye_; two white wing-bars. _Yng._ [Male]. Resembles [Female], but under wing-coverts _rose_; breast more or less rose-tinged. _Notes._ Call, a sharp, steely _peek_; song, a rich, fluent, joyous carol.

Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from northern New Jersey, northern Ohio, and northern Indiana (and south in Alleghanies to North Carolina), north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters in Central and South America.

=517. Purple Finch= (_Carpodacus purpureus_). L. 6.2; W. 3.2. Bill swollen and rounded; nostrils large, partially covered by projecting, grayish, bristly feathers; tail slightly forked. _Ad._ [Male]. Dull rose, head and rump brightest; back brownish; lower belly white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above grayish brown, slightly edged with whitish and brownish ashy; below white streaked with dark brownish; a more or less distinct whitish stripe over the eye. _Yng._ Resemble Ad. [Female].

_Notes._ Call, _creak, creak_, and a querulous whistle; song, a sweet, rapidly flowing warble. (See page 175.)

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from northern New Jersey, the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois northward; winters from the northern States to the Gulf of Mexico.

=517a. California Purple Finch= (_C. p. californicus_). Similar to No.

517, but [Male] duller and darker; [Female] _decidedly_ olive greenish above. (See page 175.)

Range.--Pacific coast region; breeds in the mountains of California; west of the Sierra north to British Columbia; winters from central Oregon to southern Arizona.

[Ill.u.s.tration: 517.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: 518.]

=518. Ca.s.sin Purple Finch= (_Carpodacus ca.s.sini_). L. 6.5. _Ad._ [Male]. Similar to Ad. [Male] of No. 517 and No. 517a, but back much blacker, streaks more sharply defined; crown as bright but appearing _like a cap_; below much paler. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar to Ad.

[Female] of No. 517a, but larger and more sharply streaked with black, both above and below. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 517.

Range.--Western United States, east to the eastern base of the Rockies, west to the Pacific; breeds in the mountains from New Mexico north to British Columbia.

[Ill.u.s.tration: 519.]

=519. House Finch= (_Carpodacus mexica.n.u.s frontalis_). L. 6.1; W. 3.1.

_Ad._ [Male]. Throat, breast, _forehead_, _line over eye_, and rump, bright rose-red; back grayish brown tinged with red; belly white, streaked with brownish. _Ad._ [Female]. Above brownish gray obscurely streaked with brownish, _no olive_ tint; below white streaked with brownish. _Ad._ [Male] _in Winter_. Red areas dull purplish pink tipped with grayish. _Yng._ Resemble Ad. [Female]. _Notes._ Call, nasal, in chorus, chattering; song, a musical cheery, varied warble, reminding one of that of No. 517, but recognizably different.

Range.--Western United States, east to the Plains, west to the Pacific, and from northern Mexico north to southern Wyoming and Oregon.

=519b. St. Lucas House Finch= (_C. m. ruberrimus_). Similar to No.

519, but smaller, W. 2.8; red more extended, always showing in males on under tail-coverts.

Range.--Southern Lower California.

=519c. San Clemente House Finch= (_C. m. clementis_). Similar to No. 519, but wing and tail averaging shorter, the bill decidedly, and feet slightly larger; coloration somewhat darker. W. 3; B. .48.

(Ridgw.)

Range.--Santa Barbara Island, California; Todos Santos Island, Lower California.

=520. Guadalupe House Finch= (_Carpodacus amplus_). Similar to No. 519, but red deeper; back dark brown without red suffusion.

Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California.